<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2518-4431</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigación & Desarrollo]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Inv. y Des.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2518-4431</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA BOLIVIANA]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2518-44312025000200192</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23881/idupbo.025.2-5e</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Determinantes del empleo informal en Bolivia: Un análisis conjunto de técnicas econométricas tradicionales y métodos de machine learning]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Determinants of informal employment in Bolivia: a combined analysis of traditional econometric techniques and machine learning methods]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beramendi Illanes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ibhar C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Illanes Fajardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivette]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Privada Boliviana (UPB)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Militar de Ingeniería  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>192</fpage>
<lpage>206</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2518-44312025000200192&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2518-44312025000200192&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2518-44312025000200192&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Este estudio analiza los determinantes del empleo informal en Bolivia mediante una combinación de técnicas econométricas tradicionales, métodos de machine learning y enfoques híbridos. Utilizando datos de las Encuestas de Hogares 2022 y 2023, se identifican los factores individuales y del hogar que influyen en la probabilidad de pertenecer al empleo informal. Los resultados muestran que variables como la edad, el nivel educativo, el ingreso del hogar y el género son determinantes clave. El Random Forest destaca el papel central de los ingresos laborales, usualmente excluidos por problemas de endogeneidad. El Adaptive Lasso permite identificar relaciones no lineales e interacciones complejas, como las asociadas al género, la pertenencia a grupos originarios y la presencia de niños pequeños en el hogar. Se concluye que el fenómeno del empleo informal responde a dinámicas multidimensionales que requieren enfoques analíticos integradores para el diseño de políticas públicas más efectivas y focalizadas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This study examines the determinants of informal employment in Bolivia by combining traditional econometric techniques, machine learning methods, and hybrid approaches. Using data from the 2022 and 2023 Household Surveys, we identify individual and household-level factors influencing the likelihood of being in informal employment. The results show that variables such as age, education level, household income, and gender are key determinants. Random Forest highlights the central role of labor income, often excluded due to endogeneity concerns. Adaptive Lasso helps identify nonlinear relationships and complex interactions, such as those associated with gender, indigenous group membership, and the presence of young children in the household. We conclude that informal employment is a multidimensional phenomenon requiring integrated analytical approaches for the design of more effective and targeted public policies.  Clasificación JEL: J46, C20, C45]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Empleo Informal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Probit]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Machine Learning]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Adaptive Lasso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Informal Employment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Probit]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Machine Learning]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Adaptive Lasso]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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