<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2518-4431</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigación & Desarrollo]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Inv. y Des.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2518-4431</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA BOLIVIANA]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2518-44312025000200016</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23881/idupbo.025.2-8e</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[How socio-economic conditions shape empowerment of indigenous women in El Alto's tourism sector]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cómo las condiciones socioeconómicas moldean el empoderamiento de mujeres indígenas en el sector turístico de El Alto]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lavooi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anna]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,UMSA CIDES ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>16</fpage>
<lpage>27</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2518-44312025000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2518-44312025000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2518-44312025000200016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This article examines the role of socio-economic conditions in shaping empowerment, based on an ethnographic study conducted in 2022-2023 with three groups of indigenous women working in the tourism sector in El Alto, Bolivia: Cholitas Escaladoras, Cholitas Luchadoras, and female guides. The study shows that socio-economic structures contribute to both empowerment and disempowerment. In the context of El Alto, social capital, including family networks and associations, and labour relations emerge as key factors. Horizontal labour relations, which foster collaboration and shared decision-making, are associated with greater economic, social, and political empowerment, while vertical structures tend to limit agency and create dependency. These findings underscore the importance of considering contextual socio-economic conditions when analysing empowerment, offering a holistic understanding of how it manifests across different groups.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Este artículo examina el papel de las condiciones socioeconómicas en la configuración del empoderamiento, a partir de un estudio etnográfico realizado entre 2022 y 2023 con tres grupos de mujeres indígenas que trabajan en el sector turístico de El Alto, Bolivia: las Cholitas Escaladoras, las Cholitas Luchadoras y las guías indígenas. El estudio muestra que las estructuras socioeconómicas contribuyen tanto al empoderamiento como al desempoderamiento. En el contexto de El Alto, el capital social, que incluye las redes familiares y las asociaciones, y las relaciones laborales emergen como factores clave. Las relaciones laborales horizontales, que fomentan la colaboración y la toma de decisiones compartida, se asocian con un mayor empoderamiento económico, social y político, mientras que las estructuras verticales tienden a limitar la agencia y generar dependencia. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de considerar las condiciones socioeconómicas contextuales al analizar el empoderamiento, ofreciendo una comprensión holística de cómo se manifiesta entre distintos grupos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Empowerment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Indigenous women]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Tourism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Socio-economic conditions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Social capital]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Labour relations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Empoderamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Mujeres indígenas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Turismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Condiciones socioeconómicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Capital social]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Relaciones laborales]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<surname><![CDATA[Wanderley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Qué es trabajo? Las fronteras conceptuales entre trabajo y no trabajo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barragán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Trabajo y trabajadores en América Latina (siglos XVI-XXI)]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[La Paz ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CEBEM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
