<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0040-2915</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Temas Sociales ]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Temas Sociales]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0040-2915</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Investigaciones Sociológicas Mauricio Lefebvre (IDIS) de la Carrera de Sociología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0040-29152025000200203</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53287/efze2521ta67p</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La cuarta ola de contestación al neoliberalismo: Ecuador 2017-2022]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Fourth Wave of Contestation to Neoliberalism: Ecuador 2017-2022]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrade Andrade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar Área de Estudios Sociales y Globales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Friezo Foundation Chair in Political Science Tulane University ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[New Orleans ]]></addr-line>
<country>Estados Unidos</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>57</numero>
<fpage>203</fpage>
<lpage>236</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0040-29152025000200203&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0040-29152025000200203&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0040-29152025000200203&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La investigación analiza el equilibrio inestable entre las fuerzas neoliberales y antineoliberales en Ecuador entre 2017 y 2022. A partir de las teorías de Madariaga y Silva, el estudio sostiene que el neoliberalismo ecuatoriano no ha logrado consolidarse debido a la falta de institucionalización de sus tres pilares -ideas, instituciones y actores-, lo que mantiene abierto un espacio democrático que permite la acción de poderosos movimientos sociales, especialmente indígenas. A través del análisis de los paros nacionales de 2019, 2021 y 2022, se evidencia que la debilidad de las coaliciones neoliberales y la fortaleza organizativa de la CONAIE y sus aliados impidieron la estabilización del proyecto neoliberal. El trabajo concluye que el &#8220;neoliberalismo lábil&#8221; ecuatoriano se caracteriza por su incapacidad para convertirse en un orden político y económico duradero, producto de la interacción entre una institucionalidad democrática viva, una sociedad civil activa y una élite política fragmentada.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Summary This research analyzes the unstable balance between neoliberal and anti-neoliberal forces in Ecuador between 2017 and 2022. Drawing on the theories of Madariaga and Silva, the study argues that Ecuadorian neoliberalism has failed to consolidate due to the lack of institutionalization of its three pillars-ideas, institutions, and actors-leaving a democratic space open for powerful social movements, particularly Indigenous movements. Through an analysis of the national strikes in 2019, 2021, and 2022, it demonstrates that the weakness of neoliberal coalitions and the organizational strength of CONAIE and its allies prevent the stabilization of the neoliberal project. The study concludes that Ecuador&#8217;s &#8220;labile neoliberalism&#8221; is characterized by its inability to become a lasting political and economic order, resulting from the interaction of a vibrant democratic institutional framework, an active civil society, and a fragmented political elite.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Neoliberalismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[democracia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conflictos sociales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[capitalistas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[represión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[movimientos sociales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estrategias de gobierno]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[descontento social]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ecuador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Neoliberalism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[democracy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[social conflicts]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[capitalists]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[repression]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[social movements]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[government strategies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[social discontent]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ecuador]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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