<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2664-3243</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Vive Revista de Salud]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Vive Rev. Salud]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2664-3243</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CET-BOLIVIA]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2664-32432020000300004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Detección de mutaciones del gen 23S de Helicobacter pylori implicadas en la resistencia a claritromicina]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Detection of Helicobacter pylori 23S gene involved in clarithromycin resistance]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Detecção de mutações no gene 23S do Helicobacter pylori envolvidas na resistência à claritromicina]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campos Murillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nathalie]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orellana Bravo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paola]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Noguera Cárdenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricia]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrade Tacuri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A">
<institution><![CDATA[,  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<fpage>139</fpage>
<lpage>149</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2664-32432020000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2664-32432020000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2664-32432020000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Introducción: Uno de los principales factores que influyen en el tratamiento para la erradicación de Helicobacter pylori es la resistencia a antibióticos, la cual difiere entre países e incluso regiones de un país. Entre los antibióticos más usados para el tratamiento de la infección se encuentra la claritromicina, se ha demostrado que el gen 23S ARNr está involucrado en la resistencia a este antibiótico, como resultado de mutaciones puntuales. Objetivo: Detectar las mutaciones presentes en el gen 23S ARNr que codifican la resistencia a la claritromicina en Helicobacter pylori a través de un método no invasivo y rápido. Materiales y métodos: A partir de muestras de heces de 76 pacientes con síntomas gastrointestinales asociados a la bacteria, se aisló y purificó el ADN bacteriano, se identificó el gen 23S ARNr mediante seminested PCR. Para la detección de mutaciones puntuales en el gen se realizó la RFLP, utilizando las enzimas HhaI que detecta la mutación T2717C y MboII que identifica la mutación A2142C/G. Resultados: Un total de 45 pacientes resultaron positivos a Helicobacter pylori lo cual corresponde al 59,2%. La mutación T2717C analizada con la enzima HhaI se presentó en el 2,2% de la muestra de estudio, no se obtuvo resultados positivos para la enzima MboII. Conclusiones: A través de la Seminested PCR se identificó al gen 23S ARNr de Helicobacter pylori, PCR-RFLP es un método fiable para detectar la presencia de mutaciones causantes de resistencias a antibióticos, útil antes de elegir el tratamiento erradicador contra las infecciones por Helicobacter pylori.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Introduction: One of the main factors that influence the treatment for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori is resistance to antibiotics, which differs between countries and even regions of a country. Clarithromycin is among the most widely used antibiotics for the treatment of infection. The 23S rRNA gene has been shown to be involved in resistance to this antibiotic, as a result of point mutations. Objective: To detect the mutations present in the 23S rRNA gene that encode resistance to clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori through a non-invasive and rapid method. Materials and methods: From stool samples of 76 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms associated with the bacteria, bacterial DNA was isolated and purified, the 23S rRNA gene was identified by seminested PCR. For the detection of point mutations in the gene, RFLP was performed, using the enzymes HhaI that detects the T2717C mutation and MboII that identifies the A2142C / G mutation. Results: A total of 45 patients were positive for Helicobacter pylori, which corresponds to 59.2%. The T2717C mutation analyzed with the HhaI enzyme was present in 2.2% of the study sample, no positive results were obtained for the MboII enzyme. Conclusions: The 23S rRNA gene of Helicobacter pylori was identified through Seminested PCR, PCR-RFLP is a reliable method to detect the presence of mutations causing resistance to antibiotics, useful before choosing the eradication treatment against Helicobacter pylori infections.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Introdução: Um dos principais fatores que influenciam no tratamento para erradicação do Helicobacter pylori é a resistência aos antibióticos, que difere entre países e até mesmo regiões de um país. A claritromicina está entre os antibióticos mais amplamente utilizados para o tratamento de infecções.O gene 23S rRNA demonstrou estar envolvido na resistência a esse antibiótico, como resultado de mutações pontuais. Objetivo: Detectar as mutações presentes no gene 23S rRNA que codificam resistência à claritromicina no Helicobacter pylori, por meio de um método não invasivo e rápido. Materiais e métodos: A partir de amostras de fezes de 76 pacientes com sintomas gastrointestinais associados à bactéria, o DNA bacteriano foi isolado e purificado, o gene 23S rRNA foi identificado por PCR seminestado. Para a detecção de mutações pontuais no gene, foi realizado RFLP, utilizando as enzimas HhaI que detecta a mutação T2717C e MboII que identifica a mutação A2142C / G. Resultados: Um total de 45 pacientes foram positivos para Helicobacter pylori, o que corresponde a 59,2%. A mutação T2717C analisada com a enzima HhaI estava presente em 2,2% da amostra do estudo, nenhum resultado positivo foi obtido para a enzima MboII. Conclusões: Por meio da PCR seminestada, foi identificado o gene rRNA 23S do Helicobacter pylori, o PCR-RFLP é um método confiável para detectar a presença de mutações que causam resistência a antibióticos, útil antes de escolher o tratamento de erradicação contra infecções por Helicobacter pylori.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[claritromicna]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PCR-RFLP]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mutaciones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Gen 23S ARN]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[clarithromycin;]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PCR-RFLP]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mutations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Gen 23S RNA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[claritromicina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[PCR-RFLP]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[mutações]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[RNA Gen 23S]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="right"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">      <b>INVESTIGACI&Oacute;N</b></font>    <br>   <font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="https://doi.org/10.33996/revistavive.v3i9.54" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.33996/revistavive.v3i9.54</a></font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><font size="4">Detecci&oacute;n de mutaciones del gen 23S de <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> implicadas en la   resistencia a claritromicina</font>    </b></font></p>     <p align=center><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>   &nbsp; </b></font></p>     <p align=center><font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Detection of Helicobacter pylori 23S gene involved   in clarithromycin resistance    </b></font></p>     <p align=center>   <font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">   &nbsp; </font></p>     <p align=center><font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><i>Detec&ccedil;&atilde;o de muta&ccedil;&otilde;es no gene 23S do Helicobacter pylori envolvidas na resist&ecirc;ncia &agrave; claritromicina</i></b></font></p>     <p align=center>&nbsp;</p>     <p align=center>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align=center><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Nathalie Campos Murillo<sup>1</sup><a href="" target="_self" onClick="javascript: w = window.open('https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2707-3376','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,'); "><img src="../img/revistas/vrs/v3n9/orcid.png" width="16" height="16" border="0"></a>      </b></font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>,</b></font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Paola Orellana Bravo<sup>1</sup><a href="" target="_self" onClick="javascript: w = window.open('https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6276-0521','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,'); "><img src="../img/revistas/vrs/v3n9/orcid.png" width="16" height="16" border="0"></a> , Patricia Noguera C&aacute;rdenas<sup>2</sup><a href="" target="_self" onClick="javascript: w = window.open('https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8804-6606','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,'); "><img src="../img/revistas/vrs/v3n9/orcid.png" width="16" height="16" border="0"></a>      ,</b></font> <font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Carlos Andrade Tacuri<sup>1</sup></b></font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><a href="" target="_self" onClick="javascript: w = window.open('https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3983-1314','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,'); "><img src="../img/revistas/vrs/v3n9/orcid.png" width="16" height="16" border="0"></a></b></font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>    <br> NC</b>:Docente Investigador desde octubre 2009 hasta la presente fecha. Subdecana   de la Unidad Acad&eacute;mica de Ciencias Agropecuarias desde diciembre 2016 hasta   noviembre 2018. Coordinadora del Laboratorio de Biotecnolog&iacute;a del Centro de   Investigaci&oacute;n, Innovaci&oacute;n y Transferencia de Tecnolog&iacute;a mayo de 2018 hasta   septiembre de 2019, en la Universidad Cat&oacute;lica de Cuenca. Ecuador. <a href="mailto:ncampos@ucacue.edu.ec">ncampos@ucacue.edu.ec</a>          <br>   </font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>PO</b>: M&eacute;dica       General por la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (2011). Especialista en       Medicina de Emergencias y Desastres por la Universidad Central del Ecuador       (2018). Estudiante de la maestr&iacute;a en Gerencia de Instituciones de salud en       la Universidad T&eacute;cnica Particular de Loja. M&eacute;dico tratante del servicio de       Emergencia del Hospital General Riobamba IESS. Instituto Ecuatoriano de       Seguridad Social &ndash; Hospital General Riobamba. Ecuador. </font> <font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="mailto:porellana@ucacue.edu.ec">porellana@ucacue.edu.ec</a></font>    <br>       <font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>PN</b>:       Qu&iacute;mica Farmac&eacute;utica en Cl&iacute;nica Santa Fe, desde julio 2012 hasta la       presente fecha. Laboratorista en Centro de Salud B-Sucua desde marzo 2017       hasta la actualidad. Docente de la Universidad Cat&oacute;lica de Cuenca de       octubre 2018 hasta marzo 2019. Especialista en Atenci&oacute;n Primaria de Salud.   Centro De Salud B SUCUA IESS, Ecuador. </font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="mailto:patricianoguera.c@hotmail.com">patricianoguera.c@hotmail.com</a>                <br>   </font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>CA</b>:         Docente Investigador desde octubre 2011 hasta la presente fecha.&nbsp; Perito en Medicina Humana,         Subespecialidad Gen&eacute;tica 2016. Coordinador del Laboratorio de Gen&eacute;tica y         Biolog&iacute;a Molecular del Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n, Innovaci&oacute;n y Transferencia         de Tecnolog&iacute;a (CIITT) de la Universidad Cat&oacute;lica de Cuenca. Ecuador. <a href="mailto:candradet@ucacue.edu.ec">candradet@ucacue.edu.ec</a>                                  <br>   </font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Recibido </b>12 de octubre 2020 | <b>Arbitrado y aceptado&nbsp;</b> 09 de noviembre 2020 | <b>Publicado en</b> 22 de diciembre 2020</font></p>     <p align=center>&nbsp;</p>     <p align=center>&nbsp;</p> <hr>     <p align=justify><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Resumen        </b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Introducci&oacute;n</b>: Uno   de los principales factores que influyen en el tratamiento para la   erradicaci&oacute;n de <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> es la resistencia a antibi&oacute;ticos, la cual difiere entre pa&iacute;ses e incluso   regiones de un pa&iacute;s. Entre los antibi&oacute;ticos m&aacute;s usados para el tratamiento   de la infecci&oacute;n se encuentra la claritromicina, se ha demostrado que el gen   23S ARNr est&aacute; involucrado en la resistencia a este antibi&oacute;tico, como   resultado de mutaciones puntuales. <b>Objetivo</b>:   Detectar las mutaciones presentes en el gen 23S ARNr que codifican la   resistencia a la claritromicina en <i>Helicobacter     pylori</i> a trav&eacute;s de un m&eacute;todo no invasivo y r&aacute;pido. <b>Materiales y m&eacute;todos:</b> A partir de muestras de heces de 76   pacientes con s&iacute;ntomas gastrointestinales asociados a la bacteria, se aisl&oacute;   y purific&oacute; el ADN bacteriano, se identific&oacute; el gen 23S ARNr mediante   seminested PCR. Para la detecci&oacute;n de mutaciones puntuales en el gen se   realiz&oacute; la RFLP, utilizando las enzimas HhaI que detecta la mutaci&oacute;n T2717C   y MboII que identifica la mutaci&oacute;n A2142C/G. <b>Resultados:</b> Un total de 45 pacientes resultaron positivos a <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> lo cual   corresponde al 59,2%. La mutaci&oacute;n T2717C analizada con la enzima HhaI se   present&oacute; en el 2,2% de la muestra de estudio, no se obtuvo resultados   positivos para la enzima MboII. <b>Conclusiones:</b> A trav&eacute;s de la Seminested PCR se identific&oacute; al gen 23S ARNr de <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>, PCR-RFLP es un   m&eacute;todo fiable para detectar la presencia de mutaciones causantes de   resistencias a antibi&oacute;ticos, &uacute;til antes de elegir el tratamiento   erradicador contra las infecciones por <i>Helicobacter     pylori</i>.      </font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Palabras clave:</b> Helicobacter pylori; claritromicna; PCR-RFLP; mutaciones; Gen 23S ARN</font></p> <hr>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Abstract        </b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Introduction:</b> One of the main factors that influence the treatment for the   eradication of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> is resistance to antibiotics, which differs between countries and even   regions of a country. Clarithromycin is among the most widely used   antibiotics for the treatment of infection. The 23S rRNA gene has been   shown to be involved in resistance to this antibiotic, as a result of point   mutations. <b>Objective:</b> To detect   the mutations present in the 23S rRNA gene that encode resistance to   clarithromycin in <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> through a non-invasive and rapid method. <b>Materials and methods:</b> From stool samples of 76 patients with   gastrointestinal symptoms associated with the bacteria, bacterial DNA was   isolated and purified, the 23S rRNA gene was identified by seminested PCR.   For the detection of point mutations in the gene, RFLP was performed, using   the enzymes HhaI that detects the T2717C mutation and MboII that identifies   the A2142C / G mutation. <b>Results:</b> A total of 45 patients were positive for <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>, which corresponds to 59.2%. The T2717C   mutation analyzed with the HhaI enzyme was present in 2.2% of the study   sample, no positive results were obtained for the MboII enzyme. <b>Conclusions:</b> The 23S rRNA gene of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> was identified   through Seminested PCR, PCR-RFLP is a reliable method to detect the   presence of mutations causing resistance to antibiotics, useful before   choosing the eradication treatment against <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infections.    </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Key words:</b> Helicobacter pylori; clarithromycin; PCR-RFLP; mutations; Gen 23S   RNA      </font></p> <hr>     <p align=justify><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Resumo        </b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o:</b> Um dos principais fatores que influenciam no tratamento para erradica&ccedil;&atilde;o   do <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> &eacute; a   resist&ecirc;ncia aos antibi&oacute;ticos, que difere entre pa&iacute;ses e at&eacute; mesmo regi&otilde;es   de um pa&iacute;s. A claritromicina est&aacute; entre os antibi&oacute;ticos mais amplamente   utilizados para o tratamento de infec&ccedil;&otilde;es.O gene 23S rRNA demonstrou estar   envolvido na resist&ecirc;ncia a esse antibi&oacute;tico, como resultado de muta&ccedil;&otilde;es   pontuais. <b>Objetivo:</b> Detectar as   muta&ccedil;&otilde;es presentes no gene 23S rRNA que codificam resist&ecirc;ncia &agrave;   claritromicina no <i>Helicobacter     pylori</i>, por meio de um m&eacute;todo n&atilde;o invasivo e r&aacute;pido. <b>Materiais e m&eacute;todos:</b> A partir de   amostras de fezes de 76 pacientes com sintomas gastrointestinais   associados &agrave; bact&eacute;ria, o DNA bacteriano foi isolado e purificado, o gene   23S rRNA foi identificado por PCR seminestado. Para a detec&ccedil;&atilde;o de muta&ccedil;&otilde;es   pontuais no gene, foi realizado RFLP, utilizando as enzimas HhaI que   detecta a muta&ccedil;&atilde;o T2717C e MboII que identifica a muta&ccedil;&atilde;o A2142C / G. <b>Resultados:</b> Um total de 45   pacientes foram positivos para <i>Helicobacter     pylori</i>, o que corresponde a 59,2%. A muta&ccedil;&atilde;o T2717C analisada com a   enzima HhaI estava presente em 2,2% da amostra do estudo, nenhum resultado   positivo foi obtido para a enzima MboII<b>. Conclus&otilde;es:</b> Por meio da PCR seminestada, foi identificado o   gene rRNA 23S do <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>,   o PCR-RFLP &eacute; um m&eacute;todo confi&aacute;vel para detectar a presen&ccedil;a de muta&ccedil;&otilde;es que   causam resist&ecirc;ncia a antibi&oacute;ticos, &uacute;til antes de escolher o tratamento de   erradica&ccedil;&atilde;o contra infec&ccedil;&otilde;es por <i>Helicobacter     pylori</i>.      </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Palavras-Chave:</b> Helicobacter pylori; claritromicina; PCR-RFLP; muta&ccedil;&otilde;es; RNA Gen 23S</font></p> <hr>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>INTRODUCCIÓN </b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">H<i>elicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) </i>es una bacteria       capaz de colonizar la mucosa gástrica, causa inflamación crónica del       revestimiento interno del estómago (gastritis), provoca dentro de la mucosa       gastroduodenal cambios estructurales y funcionales, por tanto las personas       infectadas desarrollan una inflamación gástrica crónica generalmente       asintomática, sin embargo en otras personas se desarrolla úlcera péptica;       también es un factor de riesgo frente al adenocarcinoma y cáncer gástrico       (1)       <!--[if supportFields]><span     lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span     style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->       . Además, se ha       demostrado una relación entre la diabetes, infecciones y elevados niveles de       hemoglobina       <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:     11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:     Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;     mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION     {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;DOI&quot;:&quot;10.24265/horizmed.2017.v17n2.09&quot;,&quot;ISSN&quot;:&quot;1727558X&quot;,&quot;abstract&quot;:&quot;Objetivo:<span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>Conocer la seroprevalencia de infección     por<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>Helicobacter pylori<span     style='mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span>en población adulta de Lima, Perú     2017.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>          </span>Materiales y métodos:<span     style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo,     transversal. Población conformada por voluntarios mayores de<span     style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>18 años, de ambos sexos, con o sin molestias     gastroenterológicas generales. Campaña de despistaje realizada en los distritos     de Magdalena y Chorrillos de la ciudad de Lima, Perú en el mes de enero del     2017. Para el diagnóstico se utilizó la prueba rápida OnSite H. pylori Ab Combo     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Rapid Test CE de CTK Biotech.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>            </span>Resultados:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>Se evaluó a 140     pacientes, edad media 36.6 años, 22.1% de sexo masculino y 77.9% de sexo     femenino. La<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>seroprevalencia para     Helicobacter pylori fue 63.6%.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>            </span>Conclusiones:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>       </span>Nosotros     concluimos que la infección por Helicobacter pylori es frecuente en el área de     la ciudad de Lima,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>sin diferencia entre     género y     edad.&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Pareja     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Cruz&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Arturo&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Navarrete     Mejía&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Pedro Javier&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Parodi     García&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;José     Francisco&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;Horizonte     Médico     (Lima)&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2017&quot;]]},&quot;page&quot;:&quot;55-58&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Seroprevalencia     de infección por Helicobacter pylori en población adulta de Lima, Perú     2017&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;article-journal&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;17&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=85564f9c-4975-4fd2-9589-e94df36a992f&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[2]&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[2]&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[2]&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span     style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->       (2)     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  <!--[if supportFields]><span     lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";     mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span     style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->       , la colonización       del estómago por <i>H. pylori</i> es la más común de las infecciones       bacterianas crónicas en el ser humano,       afectando alrededor del 50% de la población mundial       <!--[if supportFields]><span     lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:     -.2pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN     CSL_CITATION     {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;ISSN&quot;:&quot;0124-1265&quot;,&quot;abstract&quot;:&quot;Objetivo:     Exponer elementos básicos de una clase metodológica instructiva (CMI) de     histología, destacando el papel de la motivación y la orientación al estudio     independiente, al abordar los contenidos del sistema cardiovascular.     Desarrollo: Son analizados diferentes aspectos que caracterizan al trabajo     metodológico, su importancia y peculiaridades esenciales mediante un ejemplo     concreto. Se instruye acerca del papel del profesor en la orientación para el     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[estudio independiente de los estudiantes, pues este contribuye al desarrollo de     capacidades, habilidades y hábitos profesionales en los futuros egresados, de     forma tal que estén aptos para localizar la información científico- técnica     necesaria, organizarla, asimilarla, comunicarla y aplicarla creadoramente. Por     otra parte se insiste en el estímulo de las motivaciones intrínsecas basado en     la utilización de la vinculación básico-clínica, durante una conferencia del     sistema cardiovascular, como vía de estimular la ejecución del estudio independiente.     Conclusiones: La CMI constituye una excelente forma de ilustrar y orientar a     los docentes acerca de los métodos y procedimientos que se deben utilizar en el     proceso de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[enseñanza-aprendizaje.&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Duquense&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Amilcar&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Rodríguez&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Yurisleydis&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Orellana&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Armando&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;Panorama     Cuba y     Salud&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2014&quot;]]},&quot;page&quot;:&quot;42-47&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Caracterización     clínico-epidemiológica-endoscópica-anatomopatológica y microbiológica de     pacientes con gastritis. Policlínico 19 de Abril.     2012-2016.&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;article-journal&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;9&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b9924058-0bfb-4dd0-8051-936e4ebc5f91&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[3]&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[3]&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[3]&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span     style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->       (3)       <!--[if supportFields]><span     lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:     -.2pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->       .     </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Entre los antibióticos más usados se       encuentran amoxicilina, tetraciclina, metronidazol y claritromicina, siendo       este último el antibiótico más frecuentemente usado, sin embargo, esta bacteria       ha presentado resistencia a los antibióticos comúnmente utilizados, provocando       así disminución en la rapidez de su erradicación       <!--[if supportFields]><span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";     mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:     -.2pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN     CSL_CITATION     {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;DOI&quot;:&quot;10.32641/rchped.vi91i5.2579&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Harris&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Paul     R&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Calderón-guerrero&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Otto     Gerardo&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Vera-chamorro&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;José     Fernando&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Lucero&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Yalda&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;Revista     Chilena de     Pediatría&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2020&quot;]]},&quot;page&quot;:&quot;1-19&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Guidelines     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[on the Diagnosis , Prevention and Treatment of Helicobacter     pylori&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;article-journal&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;91&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=22137751-bef7-45fc-8729-4040402bb135&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[4]&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[4]&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[4]&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span     style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->       (4)       <!--[if supportFields]><span     lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";     mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:     -.2pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->       . La resistencia primaria varía entre 10% en los países industrializados       y 70% en los países en vías de desarrollo     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  <!--[if supportFields]><span     lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";     mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:     -.2pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN     CSL_CITATION     {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;DOI&quot;:&quot;10.4067/S0034-98872003001100014&quot;,&quot;ISSN&quot;:&quot;0034-9887&quot;,&quot;abstract&quot;:&quot;Helicobacter     pylori is a relevant pathogen for gastroduodenal diseases in human beings.     Although its eradication often improves gastroduodenal diseases, H pylori is     acquiring an elevated rate of resistance to various antimicrobials, such as     metronidazole, clarithromycin, tetracycline and amoxicillin. Multi-drug     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[resistance is a major problem to select the appropriate treatment of infectious     diseases. To improve our understanding on the com-plexity of the problem, in     this article we review the resistance mechanisms and give an update on H pylori     antimicrobial resistance (Rev Méd Chile 2003; 131:     1313-20)&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Vallejos     M&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Cristián&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Cerda     A&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Oscar&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Valenzuela     V&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Manuel&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Toledo     A&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Héctor&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;Revista     médica de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Chile&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;11&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2003&quot;]]},&quot;page&quot;:&quot;1313-1320&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Resistencia     antimicrobiana en Helicobacter pylori: aspectos clínicos y moleculares TT<span     style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>- Antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter     pylori: Clinical and molecular     aspects&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;article-journal&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;131&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=59129860-8101-4fc6-b7db-0a0365f68b2f&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[5]&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[5]&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[5]&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span     style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->       (5)       <!--[if supportFields]><span     lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";     mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[-.2pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->       . La mala utilización de estas drogas contribuye sin duda al incremento       en la velocidad de resistencia, algunos estudios han caracterizado el gen 23S       ARNr el cual se cree que está asociado a la resistencia a la claritromicina en       H. Pylori       <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:     11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:     Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:-.2pt'><span     style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION     {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;DOI&quot;:&quot;10.1128/AAC.45.9.2609-2615.2001&quot;,&quot;ISSN&quot;:&quot;00664804&quot;,&quot;PMID&quot;:&quot;11502537&quot;,&quot;abstract&quot;:&quot;We     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[previously reported that inactivation of rdxA and/or frxA converted Helicobacter     pylori from metronidazole sensitive to metronidazole resistant. To examine the     individual roles of rdxA and frxA in the development of metronidazole     resistance in H. pylori, we examined the status of rdxA and frxA from 12 pairs     of metronidazole-sensitive and -resistant H. pylori isolates obtained following     unsuccessful therapy containing metronidazole. Arbitrary primed fingerprinting     analyses revealed that the genotypes of 11 sensitive and resistant pairs of     strains were essentially identical. Amino acid sequence identities of RdxA and     FrxA from the 14 metronidazole-sensitive isolates ranged from 92 to 98% and 95     to 98%, respectively, compared to that of H. pylori J99 (MIC, 1 &#956;g/ml).     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[All strains with high-level metronidazole resistance (MICs, 128 &#956;g/ml)     contained premature truncation of both RdxA and FrxA caused by nonsense and/or     frameshift mutations. Strains with intermediate resistance to metronidazole     (MICs, 32 to 64 &#956;g/ml) contained a single premature truncation and/or     altered RdxA and FrxA caused by nonsense, frameshift, and unique missense     mutations. The low-level metronidazole-resistant strains (MICs, 8 &#956;g/ml)     contained unique missense mutations in FrxA but no specific changes in RdxA.     The results demonstrate that alterations in both the rdxA and frxA genes are     required for moderate and high-level metronidazole resistance and that     metronidazole resistance that develops during anti-H. pylori therapy containing     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[metronidazole is most likely to involve a single sensitive strain infection     rather than a coinfection with a metronidazole-resistant     strain.&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Kwon&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;D.     H.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Hulten&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;K.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Kato&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;M.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Kim&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;J.     J.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Lee&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;M.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;El-Zaatari&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;F.     A.K.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Osato&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;M.     S.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Graham&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;D.     Y.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;Antimicrobial     Agents and     Chemotherapy&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;9&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2001&quot;]]},&quot;page&quot;:&quot;2609-2615&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;DNA     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[sequence analysis of rdxA and frxA from 12 pairs of metronidazole-sensitive and     -resistant clinical Helicobacter pylori     isolates&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;article-journal&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;45&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f02f7bcd-a2d1-497d-a92a-9d36a862f1f6&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[6]&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[6]&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[6]&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span     style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->       (6)       <!--[if supportFields]><span     lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";     mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:     -.2pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->       .     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">La claritromicina al unirse       directamente al ARN ribosomal (ARNr) de la subunidad mayor del ribosoma actúa       inhibiendo la síntesis de proteínas, algunos análisis genéticos han demostrado       que debido a la aparición de diversas mutaciones puntuales en el gen del 23S       ARNr se desarrolla la resistencia       <!--[if supportFields]><span     lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";     mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:     -.2pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[CSL_CITATION {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;DOI&quot;:&quot;10.1186/1756-0500-5-603&quot;,&quot;ISSN&quot;:&quot;17560500&quot;,&quot;PMID&quot;:&quot;23110798&quot;,&quot;abstract&quot;:&quot;Background:     Clarithromycin (CLR) is the most commonly recommended antibiotic in     Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens, but the prevalence of CLR-resistant     H. pylori is increasing. CLR resistance is associated with mutations in the 23S     rRNA gene. However, H. pylori eradication can still be achieved with triple     therapy, and an additive effect may occur with multiple antibiotics. Methods.     Twenty-six CLR-resistant strains were examined. The MIC of clarithromycin was     determined by agar-dilution-testing on Columbia agar, as described elsewhere.     The conserved region of the H. pylori 23S rRNA gene between nucleotide     positions 1445 and 2846 [GenBank: U27270] was amplified. RFLP and sequence     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[analysis were performed with the 1402-bp PCR product. Synergy between     clarithromycin and amoxicillin was assessed using the agar dilution     checkerboard technique. To confirm the correlation between mutation and     synergistic effect with subinhibitory concentrations of AMX, site-directed     mutagenesis was performed in four CLR-susceptible H. pylori isolates. Results:     Twenty-six clarithromycin-resistant strains were examined. The conserved region     of the H. pylori 23S rRNA gene was amplified, and the purified PCR product was     checked for mutations by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)     analysis and sequencing. A synergistic effect was found in only three of the 12     H. pylori strains (25%) with the A2142G mutation and five of the 10 H. pylori     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[strains (50%) with the A2143G mutation (fractional inhibitory concentration:     FIC &lt; 0.5, minimal inhibitory concentration: MIC&lt;2 mg/L) was found.     Site-directed mutagenesis was performed in four CLR-susceptible H. pylori isolates.     Three of these isolates harboring a mutation in position A2143G grew under     selection with CLR (MIC &gt;16 mg/L), and all three strains showed the     synergistic effect (FIC&lt;0.5). In contrast, three of the same four strains     transformed with DNA fragments with a mutation in position A2142G were     resistant to CLR (MIC&gt;16 mg/L) and showed no synergism with amoxicillin     (FIC&gt;2). Conclusions: Here we demonstrate that in 100% of the in vitro     transformed strains, a mutation at position A2143G leads to a synergistic effect     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[between clarithromycin and amoxicillin, whereas a mutation at position at     A2142G had no discernible effect. © 2012 Sakinc et al.; licensee BioMed Central     Ltd.&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Sakinc&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Türkan&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Baars&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Barbara&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Wüppenhorst&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Nicole&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Kist&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Manfred&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Huebner&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Johannes&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Opferkuch&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Wolfgang&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;BMC     Research     Notes&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2012&quot;]]},&quot;page&quot;:&quot;2-5&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Influence     of a 23S ribosomal RNA mutation in Helicobacter pylori strains on the in vitro     synergistic effect of clarithromycin and     amoxicillin&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;article-journal&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;5&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a0adb423-17cc-49b8-b450-2b6d1a72eb41&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[7]&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[7]&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[7]&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span     style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->       (7)     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  <!--[if supportFields]><span     lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";     mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:     -.2pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->       . Dichas mutaciones en el gen 23S ARNr presentan una disminución de la       capacidad de unión del antibiótico al ribosoma, en la posición 2142 del gen se       produce una mutación puntual que reemplaza una base de guanina por una base de       adenina (A2142G) creando un sitio de restricción que va a ser reconocido por la       endonucleasa MboII, produciéndose así mediante dicha enzima dos fragmentos de       700 pares de bases. Algunos estudios realizados en mayor detalle han señalado     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[  que las cepas que portan la mutación A2142G son las que presentan mayor       resistencia a Claritromicina       <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-TRAD     style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";     mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:     -.2pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN     CSL_CITATION     {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;DOI&quot;:&quot;10.4067/S0034-98872003001100014&quot;,&quot;ISSN&quot;:&quot;0034-9887&quot;,&quot;abstract&quot;:&quot;Helicobacter     pylori is a relevant pathogen for gastroduodenal diseases in human beings.     Although its eradication often improves gastroduodenal diseases, H pylori is     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[acquiring an elevated rate of resistance to various antimicrobials, such as     metronidazole, clarithromycin, tetracycline and amoxicillin. Multi-drug     resistance is a major problem to select the appropriate treatment of infectious     diseases. To improve our understanding on the com-plexity of the problem, in     this article we review the resistance mechanisms and give an update on H pylori     antimicrobial resistance (Rev Méd Chile 2003; 131:     1313-20)&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Vallejos     M&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Cristián&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Cerda     A&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Oscar&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Valenzuela     V&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Manuel&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Toledo     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[A&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Héctor&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;Revista     médica de     Chile&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;11&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2003&quot;]]},&quot;page&quot;:&quot;1313-1320&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Resistencia     antimicrobiana en Helicobacter pylori: aspectos clínicos y moleculares TT<span     style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>- Antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter     pylori: Clinical and molecular     aspects&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;article-journal&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;131&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=59129860-8101-4fc6-b7db-0a0365f68b2f&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[5]&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[5]&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[5]&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span     style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->       (5, 8)       <!--[if supportFields]><span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";     mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:     -.2pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->       .     </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">A más del cambio de una adenina por   guanina en las posiciones 2142 y 2143, han reportado una sustitución de adenina   a citosina en la posición 2142 y una transición de citosina a timina en la   posición 2717 creando un sitio de restricción reconocido por la endonucleasa   HhaI   <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:-.2pt'><span style='mso-element: field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;DOI&quot;:&quot;10.7705/biomedica.v34i0.1649&quot;,&quot;ISSN&quot;:&quot;01204157&quot;,&quot;PMID&quot;:&quot;604419481&quot;,&quot;abstract&quot;:&quot;Introduction: Antibiotic combination therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori should be based on local resistance patterns. Objective: To determine the resistance of H. pylori to clarithromycin in a population from Cauca province, through the identification of mutations in the 23S rRNA gene in DNA from gastric biopsies. Materials and methods: A total of 162 patients with functional dyspepsia were included in the study. The 23S rRNA gene and the DNA from 162 gastric specimens were amplified by PCR, and the mutation pattern was identified by direct sequencing. Results: The frequency of clarithromycin resistance was 4%. A2143G mutation was found in four patients (2.46%) and A2142G mutation was found in three patients (1.85%). Conclusions: Our study shows that the most frequent genotype in H. pylori-positive specimens was A2143G, followed by A2142G. The observed resistance prevalence of H. pylori was low; thus, we consider that clarithromycin treatment is a valid option for H. pylori eradication in the study population.&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Acosta&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Claudia Patricia&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Hurtado&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Fabián Andrés&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Trespalacios&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Alba Alicia&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;Biomedica&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;SUPPL.1&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2014&quot;]]},&quot;page&quot;:&quot;156-162&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Determinación de mutaciones de un solo nucleótido enel gen 23S rRNA de Helicobacter pylori relacionadas conresistencia a claritromicina en una población del departamento del Cauca, Colombia&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;article-journal&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;34&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4600170c-8e77-4ed4-9caa-0edf25f71ffd&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[9]&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[9]&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[9]&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->   (9)   <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-TRAD style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing: -.2pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->   . Durante los últimos años varias técnicas desarrolladas permiten   detectar el ADN de <i>H. pylori</i> directamente de biopsias gástricas; sin   embargo, también se puede detectar en muestras como heces, saliva o agua. La   gran parte de estas técnicas se fundamentan en la Reacción en Cadena de la   Polimerasa (PCR) convencional o clásica, además existen variaciones como la   PCR-RFLP, nested o semi-nested PCR, en Tiempo Real, entre otras; cuyo objetivo   es la detección de genes específicos en la bacteria y a su vez de los   mecanismos de resistencia principalmente a la claritromicina en donde se   amplifica un fragmento de 1,4 Kpb que corresponde al dominio V de la región 23S   ARNr para detectar las mutaciones mediante la digestión con las enzimas MboII y   HhaI (10,11).    </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">En un consultorio privado en la   ciudad de Cuenca donde se realizó el estudio, presenta afluencia de alrededor   de 200 pacientes mensuales de los cuales 20 a 30 de ellos presentan <i>H.     pylori,</i> se observa un incremento significativo del número de pacientes con   enfermedades Gastroduodenales desencadenadas por la bacteria, sin que exista   información detallada del por qué esta bacteria no ha sido erradicada en los   pacientes que acuden a la institución antes mencionada o si es que dichos   pacientes no han recibido ningún tipo de tratamiento, en tal virtud, es   necesario plantear una propuesta de investigación que nos permita detectar la   mutación causante de la resistencia a la claritromicina, antibiótico usado en   la erradicación del <i>H. pylori</i> mediante una técnica no invasiva para el paciente que permita la rápida detección de las mutaciones.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Con la   información generada en el presente estudio se aportará con un método de   detección de H. pylori y de mutaciones en el gen 23S ARNr causantes de la   resistencia a los antibióticos de erradicación de la bacteria, este estudio a   su vez sugiere que esta prueba puede ser muy útil para el médico antes de   escoger el tratamiento erradicador para los pacientes que padecen de   enfermedades asociadas a H. pylori, además de tratarse de un método no   invasivo, puesto que se va a realizar los análisis en muestras de heces fecales.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align=justify><font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>MATERIALES Y   MÉTODOS    </b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Se   recogió un total de 76 muestras de heces de pacientes adultos con un rango de   edad entre 22 a 52 años, de los cuales 36 fueron hombres y 40 mujeres,</font> <font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">quienes presentaban síntomas gastrointestinales. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">La extracción de ADN bacterial en   las muestras frescas de heces fecales se realizó mediante el Kit QIAamp Fast   DNA Stool, este kit está diseñado para la rápida y total purificación de ADN de   180mg hasta 220mg de heces ya sean muestras frescas o congeladas, este   procedimiento se realizó acorde a las instrucciones del fabricante.    </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Se detectó la presencia de H. pylori   a través del método de amplificación seminested PCR del gen 23S ARNr, las   mezclas para las reacciones, el protocolo de amplificación y las condiciones   para la electroforesis se detallan a continuación, así como las variantes realizadas:</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">La primera reacción se llevó a cabo   con un set primers o cebadores con secuencia de nucleótidos conocida del gen   23S ARNr de H. pylori, Primer 1: HP1 forward (5’-CCACAGCGATGTGGTCTCAG-3’; con   número de accesión U2720 de 1820 a 1840), y Primer 2: HP2 reverse   (5’-TGTGTAGCTACCCAGCGATGCTC-3’ con número de accesión U2720 de 2811 a 2790). La   mezcla de la reacción de amplificación acorde a las instrucciones del   fabricante: GoTaq Hot Start Green Master Mix de Promega, el volumen de cada   reacción de 25µl: GoTaq Hot Start Green Master Mix 2X, upstream primer 10µM,   downstream primer 10µM, eluido de ADN purificado de las muestras de heces 2µl y   Nuclease-Free Water. La reacción se llevó a cabo en el Termociclador Piko de   Finnzymes instruments el mismo que permite un volumen de reacción final entre   5-20µl, por lo tanto se ajustó la mezcla de la reacción de amplificación.    </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">La segunda reacción se desarrolló   bajo la misma mezcla y volumen final de reacción así como las condiciones de   PCR descritas anteriormente, se empleó 1µl, 1.5µl, 2µl y 2.5µl  del producto  obtenido     de la primera reacción de PCR y   un  segundo juego de primers o cebadores,   Primer 1: HP4 forward (5’-GTCGGTTAAATACCGACCTG-3’; con número de accesión U27270   de 2028 a 2048), y Primer 2: HP2 reverse (5’-TGTGTAGCTACCCAGCGATGCTC-3’)   utilizado en la primera reacción.    </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">El protocolo de amplificación de PCR   que se llevó a cabo en el termociclador Piko, está conformado por una   desnaturalización inicial de 2 minutos a 95°C, a continuación 30 ciclos cada   uno de los cuales consistía en: 45 segundos a 95°C para la desnaturalización,   45 segundos a 65°C para la hibridación y 45 segundos a 72°C para la extensión, y una elongación final a 72 ° C durante 4 minutos.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Los productos de la seminested PCR   fueron analizados por electroforesis, para lo cual se preparó un gel de agarosa   al 1.5%, utilizando 2.25gr de agarosa en 150ml de TAE Buffer 1X y 7,5µl de   Bromuro de Etidio como agente intercalante. Una vez listo el gel de agarosa con   las especificaciones anteriores, se procedió a preparar las muestras con el   tampón de carga Blue Juice, tomando 8µl del tampón con 10µl del producto de   cada reacción de PCR.    </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">El análisis de polimorfismos de   longitud de fragmentos de restricción (RFLP), se llevó a cabo con dos enzimas:   HhaI que detecta la mutación T2717C y MboII que detecta la mutación A2142C/G;   la mezcla de la reacción se llevó a cabo con los amplicones obtenidos de la   seminested PCR, debido a que son productos relativamente pequeños comparados con el ADN total además de la pureza del producto.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Digestión con la enzima de   restricción HhaI y Digestión con la enzima de restricción MboII, Se elaboró una   nueva mezcla de reacción para cada enzima, compuesta de la siguiente manera: agua</font> <font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">estéril desionizada 14µl, RE 10X Buffer 5µl, Acetylated   BSA 0.5µl, producto de PCR 10µl; mezclamos por pipeteo y añadimos la enzima de   restricción HhaI 0.5 µl, ó, MboII 0.5µl, obteniendo un volumen final de 40µl.   Se mezcló por pipeteo y centrifugamos durante 20 segundos, incubamos a 37°C   durante 1 hora. Acabado el tiempo de incubación se adicionó 8µl de loading buffer (Blue Juice) y depositamos en el gel de agarosa para el análisis.</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align=justify><font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>RESULTADOS    </b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">La primera reacción de PCR se llevó a cabo a partir de ADN   genómico de Helicobacter pylori extraído a partir de muestras de heces, se   utilizó los primers HP1 y HP2 para la amplificación del gen 23S ARNr. En la   Figura 1 se utilizó el mismo ladder o marcador de peso molecular en la escala   de 1000bp; y, se obtuvo un primer amplicón de 993bp, acorde a la revisión   bibliográfica. De igual manera todas las imágenes presentan: Ladder; C-:   Control negativo (Cepa ATCC 43300 de Staphylococcus aureus); C+: Control positivo (Cepa ATCC 26695 de Helicobacter pylori).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">   </font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>TABLAS Y FIGURAS</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><img src="../img/revistas/vrs/v3n9/image04003.jpg" width="600" height="400"></p>     <p align="justify">   <font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">  </font></p>     <p align="center"> <font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><i>Figura</i>   1.</b> Electroforesis en gel de agarosa al 1,5% de la amplificación por PCR del gen 23S ARNr.</font></p> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">     <p align="justify"><font size="2">La segunda reacción de PCR (seminested) se   llevó a cabo a partir del producto de la primera reacción, se utilizó los   primers HP4 y HP2 para la amplificación del gen 23S ARNr. En la Figura 2, se   utilizó el mismo ladder o marcador de peso molecular en la escala de 1000bp; y,   se obtuvo un segundo amplicón de 783bp, acorde a la revisión bibliográfica. De   igual manera todas las imágenes presentan: Ladder; C-: Control negativo (Cepa   ATCC 43300 de Staphylococcus aureus); C+: Control positivo (Cepa ATCC 26695 de Helicobacter pylori).</font></p> </font>     <p align="center"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img src="../img/revistas/vrs/v3n9/image04004.jpg" width="600" height="400"></font></p>     <p align="center"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><i>Figura</i>   2</b>. Electroforesis en gel de   agarosa al 1,5% de la amplificación por Seminested PCR del gen 23S ARNr.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">El análisis de polimorfismos de longitud de   fragmentos de restricción (RFLP), se llevó a cabo con el producto de la   seminested PCR, se utilizó la enzima HhaI. En la Figura 3 se presenta: Ladder;   C-: Control negativo (Cepa ATCC 43300 de Staphylococcus aureus), se realizó   repeticiones de la muestra 40 que resulto positiva para el análisis de   restricción, observándose los diferentes tamaños generados debido a los cortes   que genera la enzima HhaI. De las 45 muestras analizadas solamente una es   resistente a la Claritromicina, presentando la mutación T2717C.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><img src="../img/revistas/vrs/v3n9/image04005.png" width="400" height="600"></p>     <p align="center">   <font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> </font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b><i>Figura</i>   3.</b> Electroforesis en gel de agarosa al 1,5% del RFLP con la enzima de restricción HhaI. </font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align=justify><font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>DISCUSIÓN       </b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">La prevalencia de<i> Helicobacter</i> <i>pylori </i>en la población del   presente estudio fue del 59,2% misma que se presenta acorde a la prevalencia   mundial determinada por la OMS la cual es mayor al 50%, cuya frecuencia aumenta   en países en vías de desarrollo; sin embargo, en cuanto al género no se observó   un gran rango de diferencia ya que en varones se presentó en un 44,44% y en mujeres en un 55,6%. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Según Malaty   <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-US style='font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language: ES-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-EC;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element: field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;DOI&quot;:&quot;10.1016/j.bpg.2006.10.005&quot;,&quot;ISSN&quot;:&quot;15216918&quot;,&quot;PMID&quot;:&quot;17382273&quot;,&quot;abstract&quot;:&quot;Helicobacter pylori infection is now recognised as a worldwide problem. It is the most common cause of chronic gastritis, and is strongly linked to peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. While the infection is usually acquired in childhood, there is typically a long period of latency with disease manifestations not appearing until adulthood. Gastric cancer does not usually manifest until old age. The infection has a high morbidity rate, but a low mortality rate and is curable with antibiotic therapy. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Malaty&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Hoda M.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;Best Practice and Research: Clinical Gastroenterology&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2007&quot;,&quot;4&quot;,&quot;1&quot;]]},&quot;page&quot;:&quot;205-214&quot;,&quot;publisher&quot;:&quot;Baillière Tindall&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;article-journal&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;21&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c0e0ad39-7b3e-3c57-8342-b1fc5b1db2db&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[12]&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[12]&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[12]&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->   (12)   <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-US style='font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language: ES-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-EC;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element: field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->   , las manifestaciones clínicas aparecen en la edad adulta en la mayoría de los casos, acorde a su estudio la frecuencia más alta de <i>H. pylori</i> reportada en la presente investigación fue en una media de 35,88 años de edad.  </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">La prueba de cassette Certest para la   detección de antígenos en heces brinda además de una sensibilidad mayor al 94%   una especificidad mayor al 99%, de acuerdo a los estudios realizados por la casa   comercial BIOTEC   <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-US style='font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language: ES-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-EC'><span style='mso-element:field-begin; mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Certest Biotec S.L.&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;Certest Biotec S.L.&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2008&quot;]]},&quot;page&quot;:&quot;1-12&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;CERTEST H. pylori&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;webpage&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=72ea8945-07c4-4fa8-8f91-ec14a310a2d8&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[13]&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[13]&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[13]&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->   (13)   <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-US style='font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language: ES-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-EC'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->   , ya que entre los estudios realizados no se   detectó reacciones cruzadas con patógenos gastrointestinales   ocasionalmente presentados en heces, lo cual aporta una gran ventaja   para su aplicación en este tipo de estudios donde se propone técnicas no   invasivas para el diagnóstico de <i>H. pylori</i> y posteriores aplicaciones a nivel   molecular.    </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Actualmente existen diversas técnicas de PCR   para la detección de <i>H. pylori</i> a partir de heces fecales, la seminested   PCR reportada por Fontana et al.    <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-US style='font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language: ES-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-EC;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element: field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;DOI&quot;:&quot;10.1128/JCM.41.8.3636-3640.2003&quot;,&quot;ISSN&quot;:&quot;00951137&quot;,&quot;PMID&quot;:&quot;12904368&quot;,&quot;abstract&quot;:&quot;The recognition of the role of Helicobacter pylori in gastric diseases has led to the widespread use of antibiotics in the eradication of this pathogen. The most advocated therapy, triple therapy, often includes clarithromycin. It is well known that clarithromycin resistance is one of the major causes of eradication failure. The development of a rapid noninvasive technique that could easily be performed on fecal samples and that could also provide information about the antibiotic resistance of this microorganism is therefore advisable. Previous findings have demonstrated that clarithromycin resistance is due to a single point mutation in the 23S rRNA. All the mutations described have been associated with specific restriction sites, namely BsaI (A2143G), MboII (A2142C/G), and HhaI (T2717C). On this basis we have developed a new method, a seminested PCR, allowing screening for clarithromycin resistance of H. pylori directly on stool samples. This method furnished a 783-bp fragment of the 23S rRNA, which was subsequently digested by MboII, BsaI, and HhaI, in order to identify single point mutations associated with clarithromycin resistance. Of a total of 283 stool samples examined, 125 were H. pylori positive and two of them were shown to contain clarithromycin-resistant strains due to the presence of a mutation at position 2717, whereas no PCR products contained mutations at position 2142 or 2143. In order to evaluate the reliability of the new system, we compared the results of restriction analysis of the PCR products with the MICs shown by the H. pylori isolates by culturing gastric biopsies from the same patients.&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Fontana&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Carla&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Favaro&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Marco&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Pietroiusti&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Antonio&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Pistoia&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Enrico Salvatore&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Galante&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Alberto&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Favalli&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Cartesio&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;Journal of Clinical Microbiology&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;8&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2003&quot;]]},&quot;page&quot;:&quot;3636-3640&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Detection of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori in stool samples&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;article-journal&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;41&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=03d73847-fde4-46f7-ae69-935784446b18&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[14]&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[14]&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[14]&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->   (14)   <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-US style='font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language: ES-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-EC;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element: field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->   mostró especificidad para <i>H. pylori</i> ya que la   cepa bacteriana utilizada como control negativo no fue amplificada para el gen   23S ARNr. La amplificación de este gen directamente de heces fecales por   seminested PCR se correlacionó en su totalidad con los resultados positivos del   test Certest.    </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">De acuerdo al Informe del Consenso de   Florencia Maastricht-III de marzo del 2005, las recomendaciones de opciones de   tratamiento de la infección por <i>H. pylori </i>se basan en una terapia de   primera línea sea esta triple o cuádruple conformada por amoxicilina,   claritromicina y metronidazol además de IBP o bismuto, para escoger la terapia   adecuada se debe basar en la resistencia antimicrobiana la misma que es la principal razón del fracaso del tratamiento.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Según la Organización Mundial de   Gastroenterología, la  resistencia  mundial a los antibióticos de del 2 - 25% para   la claritromicina, del 50 - 80% para metronidazol y del 0 - 1% para la   amoxicilina; si bien la resistencia a metronidazol es alta es menos relevante a   nivel clínico; por tanto la terapia podría fracasar debido a la resistencia a   la claritromicina. Si bien las tasas de resistencia son elevadas, las mismas   varían de acuerdo a la población de estudio; pese a estos altos índices de   resistencia microbiana no siempre se puede detectar antes de administrar la   terapia antibiótica debido a los requerimientos especiales para cultivar la   bacteria   <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-US style='font-family: "Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:ES-US;mso-fareast-language: ES-EC'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;DOI&quot;:&quot;10.32641/rchped.vi91i5.2579&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Harris&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Paul R&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Calderón-guerrero&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Otto Gerardo&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Vera-chamorro&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;José Fernando&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Lucero&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;Yalda&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;Revista Chilena de Pediatría&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2020&quot;]]},&quot;page&quot;:&quot;1-19&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Guidelines on the Diagnosis , Prevention and Treatment of Helicobacter pylori&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;article-journal&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;91&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=22137751-bef7-45fc-8729-4040402bb135&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[4]&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[4]&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[4]&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->   (4)   <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-US style='font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language: ES-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-EC'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--> .</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Por tal motivo se han desarrollado nuevas   técnicas como la PCR-RFLP descrita por Agudo et   al.   <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-US style='font-family: "Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:ES-US;mso-fareast-language: ES-EC;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock: yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;ISSN&quot;:&quot;19889518&quot;,&quot;PMID&quot;:&quot;21412667&quot;,&quot;abstract&quot;:&quot;The aim of this study was to characterize the mutations types present in the 23S rRNA gene related to H. pylori clarithromycin-resistance strains in Spain and evaluate a novel PCR-RFLP method for detection of the most frequent point mutation in our population. Gastric biopsies were obtained by endoscopy from patients with gastric symptoms. H. pylori was cultured according to standard microbiological procedures and clarithromycin resistance was determined by E-test. DNA extraction was performed by NucliSens platform with the NucliSens magnetic extraction reagents (bioMérieux) according to the manufacturer instructions. Analyses for point mutations in 23S rRNA gene strains were performed by sequence analysis of amplified polymerase chain reaction products. Restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed using BsaI enzyme to detect restriction sites that correspond to the mutation (A2143G). We found 42 out of 118 (35.6%) strains resistant to clarithromycin by E-test. E-test results were confirmed for the presence of point mutation in 34 (88.1%) of these strains. Mutation A2143G was found in 85.3% of the strains. Analyses with the restriction enzyme BsaI was able to confirm the presence of A2143G mutation. There were 8 H. pylori strains resistant to clarithromycin by E-test but without any point mutation in the 23 rRNA gene. We conclude that PCR-RFLP is a reliable method to detect clarithromycin-resistance H. pylori strains in countries with a high prevalence of clarithromycin-resistance as Spain. It may be useful before choosing regimens of H. pylori eradication.&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Agudo&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;S.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Pérez-Pérez&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;G.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Alarcón&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;T.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;López-Brea&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;M.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;Revista española de quimioterapia : publicación oficial de la Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2011&quot;]]},&quot;page&quot;:&quot;32-36&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Rapid detection of clarithromycin resistant Helicobacter pylori strains in Spanish patients by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;article-journal&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;24&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=92f4901b-0b3f-4820-bba5-3b34181d27c2&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[10]&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[10]&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[10]&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->   (10)     y Fontana et al.      (14)    , posterior a la seminested PCR para amplificar el gen   23S ARNr, se sometió al análisis de longitud de los fragmentos de restricción   generados por las enzimas HhaI y MboII, obteniendose únicamente el 1% de   mutación para la enzima HhaI con lo cual determinamos la presencia de la mutación T2717C la cual genera resistencia a la claritromicina.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">   </font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Estos resultados concuerdan con los de Fontana et al.     (14)   <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-US style='font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language: ES-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-EC;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element: field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->   en una población italiana, en donde reportan únicamente 2 muestras   positivas de H. pylori resistente a la claritromicina de 125 muestras de   estudio; sin embargo, difiere de los estudios de Agudo et al.   <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-US style='font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language: ES-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-EC;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element: field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {&quot;citationItems&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;itemData&quot;:{&quot;ISSN&quot;:&quot;19889518&quot;,&quot;PMID&quot;:&quot;21412667&quot;,&quot;abstract&quot;:&quot;The aim of this study was to characterize the mutations types present in the 23S rRNA gene related to H. pylori clarithromycin-resistance strains in Spain and evaluate a novel PCR-RFLP method for detection of the most frequent point mutation in our population. Gastric biopsies were obtained by endoscopy from patients with gastric symptoms. H. pylori was cultured according to standard microbiological procedures and clarithromycin resistance was determined by E-test. DNA extraction was performed by NucliSens platform with the NucliSens magnetic extraction reagents (bioMérieux) according to the manufacturer instructions. Analyses for point mutations in 23S rRNA gene strains were performed by sequence analysis of amplified polymerase chain reaction products. Restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed using BsaI enzyme to detect restriction sites that correspond to the mutation (A2143G). We found 42 out of 118 (35.6%) strains resistant to clarithromycin by E-test. E-test results were confirmed for the presence of point mutation in 34 (88.1%) of these strains. Mutation A2143G was found in 85.3% of the strains. Analyses with the restriction enzyme BsaI was able to confirm the presence of A2143G mutation. There were 8 H. pylori strains resistant to clarithromycin by E-test but without any point mutation in the 23 rRNA gene. We conclude that PCR-RFLP is a reliable method to detect clarithromycin-resistance H. pylori strains in countries with a high prevalence of clarithromycin-resistance as Spain. It may be useful before choosing regimens of H. pylori eradication.&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:[{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Agudo&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;S.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Pérez-Pérez&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;G.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;Alarcón&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;T.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;family&quot;:&quot;López-Brea&quot;,&quot;given&quot;:&quot;M.&quot;,&quot;non-dropping-particle&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;parse-names&quot;:false,&quot;suffix&quot;:&quot;&quot;}],&quot;container-title&quot;:&quot;Revista española de quimioterapia : publicación oficial de la Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ITEM-1&quot;,&quot;issue&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;issued&quot;:{&quot;date-parts&quot;:[[&quot;2011&quot;]]},&quot;page&quot;:&quot;32-36&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Rapid detection of clarithromycin resistant Helicobacter pylori strains in Spanish patients by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;article-journal&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;:&quot;24&quot;},&quot;uris&quot;:[&quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=92f4901b-0b3f-4820-bba5-3b34181d27c2&quot;]}],&quot;mendeley&quot;:{&quot;formattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[10]&quot;,&quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[10]&quot;,&quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot;:&quot;[10]&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;noteIndex&quot;:0},&quot;schema&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot;}<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->   (10)   <!--[if supportFields]><span lang=ES-US style='font-family:"Cambria","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language: ES-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-EC;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style='mso-element: field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->   en una población española, donde obtuvo 34 cepas resistentes a la   claritromicina de 42 cepas de estudio; en otro estudio realizado por Álvarez et al.     (15)     en una población colombiana, reporta resultados similares, de un total   de 88 cepas de estudio, el 2,2% presentó resistencia a la claritromicina. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Acorde a los estudios analizados sugieren que la resistencia a la   claritromicina varía de una población a otra, por tanto es necesario conocer   las características de las cepas que se encuentran en la población, así como   los mecanismos de resistencia lo cual apunte a mantener antecedentes   recopilados para una vigilancia permanente en los tratamientos de erradicación de <i>H. pylori.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>CONCLUSIONES    </b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">La bacteria <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> es un patógeno de   gran importancia para la salud ya que infecta aproximadamente al 50% de la   población mundial, las condiciones microbiológicas para su cultivo son   exigentes y demandan gran cantidad de tiempo, y los métodos de diagnóstico más usados son de carácter invasivo por la fiabilidad y rapidez de los resultados.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">El presente estudio se centró en la detección de las mutaciones del gen   23S ARNr que codifican la resistencia a la claritromicina a través de un método   no invasivo y rápido. Se obtuvieron resultados interesantes, cuyos principales   hallazgos de este estudio son:    </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Se identificó la   presencia de Helicobacter pylori en muestras de heces de pacientes infectados a   través de primers específicos mediante la primera reacción de PCR, se utilizó   cepas control positiva y negativa para valorar la especificidad y sensibilidad   de la técnica.    </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">A través de Seminested PCR se identificó al gen 23S ARNr de <i>Helicobacter pylori </i>utilizando un nuevo   primer para la segunda reacción, el uso de esta técnica de PCR puede reducir el   uso de la endoscopia gastroduodenal la cual no es admitida por algunos   pacientes como los pediátricos.    </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Se analizó la presencia de mutaciones en el gen 23S ARNr de <i>Helicobacter pylori </i>mediante RFLP con   las enzimas de restricción: MboII que reconoce la mutación A2142C/G y la HhaI   para la mutación T2717C; en este estudio se encontró la mutación T2717C en el   1% de la muestra de estudio. Este método permite direccionar la terapia   antibiótica para la erradicación de la bacteria.    </font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Es indispensable el conocimiento de las características de las cepas de   H. pylori que aquejan a nuestra población, con el objetivo de recopilar   información que facilite desde el punto de vista clínico y epidemiológico   conseguir un buen resultado en las terapias de erradicación, y a su vez permita   la posibilidad de la detección de forma rápida de la resistencia antibiótica.    </font></p>        <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">     -&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;     <b>Conflicto de     intereses: </b>los autores declaramos no     presentar conflicto de intereses.        </font></p>       <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">     -&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;     <b>Financiación: </b>autofinanciamiento.<b>            </b></font></p>       <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">     -&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;     <b>Agradecimiento: </b>agradecemos a la Universidad Católica de Cuenca por permitir el uso de     las instalaciones así como el apoyo para la realización del presente trabajo.        </font></p>       <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">     -&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;     <b>Investigación realizada considerando los tratados bioéticos: </b>esta investigación fue realizada bajo     consentimiento informado, apegados a los tratados bioéticos, no se realizó     ningún método invasivo para la toma de muestras.</font></p>       <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>       <p align=justify><font size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS </b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify">   <font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">   <b>1.</b>     Murray PR. 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