<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2518-4431</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigación & Desarrollo]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Inv. y Des.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2518-4431</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA BOLIVIANA]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2518-44312025000100043</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23881/idupbo.025.1-4i</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[COAGULACIÓN-FLOCULACIÓN COMO ESTRATEGIA DE PULIMIENTO PARA EFLUENTES SECUNDARIOS EN PLANTAS DE TRATAMIENTO MUNICIPALES]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION AS A POLISHING STRATEGY FOR SECONDARY EFFLUENTS IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Echeverría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivette]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Valeria]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Privada Boliviana (UPB) Centro de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental (CIICA) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cochabamba ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundación Aguatuya  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cochabamba ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>54</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2518-44312025000100043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2518-44312025000100043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2518-44312025000100043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El tratamiento eficiente de aguas residuales municipales enfrenta desafíos tanto por las limitaciones de las tecnologías convencionales como por el rápido crecimiento urbano. Con el fin de mejorar la calidad del efluente secundario de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de Pucara, en Sacaba, se realizaron ensayos de coagulación-floculación utilizando sulfato de aluminio, cloruro férrico y cloruro de polialuminio (PAC) acompañado de un floculante orgánico (FLOC). Este proceso facilita la remoción de sólidos coloidales y mejora la reducción de materia orgánica. Las pruebas se realizaron empleando un equipo de jarras de bajo costo construido con materiales locales. A pesar de que la planta actualmente alcanza una eficiencia cercana al 90 % en remoción de materia orgánica, su efluente (195 mg/L de DQO) no cumple con los límites reglamentarios para descargas al río Rocha (&lt;60 mg/L de DQO). Las dosis óptimas fueron 60 ppm de sulfato de aluminio, 60 ppm de cloruro férrico y 40 ppm de PAC + 2 ppm de FLOC, logrando reducciones de turbiedad entre 73 % y 79 %, y DQO residual entre 93 y 141 mg/L. El cloruro férrico mostró el mejor desempeño general, con un requerimiento diario estimado de 187 kg y la necesidad de realizar modificaciones estructurales, lo que resalta la importancia de llevar a cabo un análisis de viabilidad técnica y económica. La producción estimada de lodos fue de 93 m3/día, lo que refuerza aún más la necesidad de evaluar la viabilidad de su gestión desde ambas perspectivas. La coagulación-floculación representa una alternativa para el pulimiento de efluentes en contextos urbanos en expansión, siempre que se garantice una operación adecuada y se evalúe su sostenibilidad a largo plazo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Efficient treatment of municipal wastewater faces challenges due to both the limitations of conventional technologies and rapid urban growth. To improve the quality of the secondary effluent from the Pucara wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Sacaba, coagulation-flocculation tests were conducted using aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) combined with an organic flocculant (FLOC). This process enhances the removal of colloidal solids and improves the reduction of organic matter. The tests were carried out using a low-cost jar test apparatus built with locally available materials. Although the plant currently achieves close to 90% efficiency in organic matter removal, its effluent (195 mg/L COD) does not comply with regulatory limits for discharge into the Rocha River (&lt;60 mg/L COD). The optimal doses were 60 ppm of aluminum sulfate, 60 ppm of ferric chloride, and 40 ppm of PAC + 2 ppm of FLOC, achieving turbidity reductions between 73% and 79%, and residual COD values ranging from 93 to 141 mg/L. Ferric chloride showed the best overall performance, with an estimated daily requirement of 187 kg and the need for structural modifications, which highlights the importance of conducting a technical and economic feasibility analysis. The estimated sludge production was 93 m3/day, further reinforcing the need to assess the viability of its management from both technical and economic perspectives. Coagulation-flocculation emerges as a viable alternative for polishing secondary effluents in expanding urban areas, provided that proper operation is ensured and long-term sustainability is carefully evaluated.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Aguas Residuales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Calidad del Efluente]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Coagulación-floculación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pulimento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Wastewater]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Effluent Quality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Coagulation-flocculation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Polishing]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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