<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2518-4431</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigación & Desarrollo]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Inv. y Des.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2518-4431</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA BOLIVIANA]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2518-44312021000200005</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23881/idupbo.021.2-1e</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[EL ÍNDICE DE CALIDAD DEL EMPLEO EN BOLIVIA Y SUS COMPONENTES]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[THE EMPLOYMENT QUALITY INDEX IN BOLIVIA AND ITS COMPONENTS]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar Aramayo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio Alvaro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Privada Boliviana Programa de doctorado en Economía y Administración de empresas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>5</fpage>
<lpage>17</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2518-44312021000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2518-44312021000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2518-44312021000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El presente trabajo de investigación presenta el cálculo del Índice Multidimensional de Calidad del Empleo para Bolivia basado en método Alkire-Foster de doble conteo para medir privaciones traslapadas. Como base de datos se emplean las Encuestas de Hogares de las gestiones 2011 a 2019, realizadas por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Se determina que en promedio, el 69.18% de la población de ocupados cuentan con empleos de mala calidad durante todo el periodo de estudio, y tienen una privación media en el 67.52 % de las tres dimensiones consideradas para la modelación: Ingresos, Estabilidad laboral y Condiciones de Empleo con sus respectivas subdimensiones. Asimismo, se muestra que el valor del índice se puede atribuir en 40% al aporte de la dimensión de Ingresos, que muestra que el 58 % de la población ocupada gana igual o menos de dos salarios mínimos nacionales. El 23% del valor del índice se debe al tipo de contrato que firman los trabajadores, de los cuales el 64 % no cuentan con un contrato dentro de su actual empleo. Finalmente, el 11% se atribuye a la falta de acceso a los fondos de pensiones por parte del 62 % de la población ocupada dentro de sus actuales empleos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT This study posits a Multidimensional Index of Employment Quality for Bolivia based on the Alkire-Foster dual cutoff counting approach to gauge overlapping deprivations. The estimation of this index uses the 2011-2019 Household Surveys microdata collected by the National Institute of Statistics. It is found that, on average, 69.18% of the employed population have poor quality jobs, and that they suffer an average rate of deprivation of 67.52% in the three dimensions considered for the modeling are deprived: Income, Job Stability and Employment Conditions with their respective subdimensions. Moreover, it is found that 40% of the index value can be attributed to deprivations in the Income dimension, which shows that 58% of the employed population earns equal to or less than two minimum wages. Similarly, 23% of the index value is due to the type of contract signed by workers, of which 64% do not have a contract within their current job. Finally, 11% is attributed to the lack of access to pension funds by 62% of the employed population in their current jobs.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Índice Multidimensional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Calidad de Empleo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Privación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Población Ocupada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Multidimensional Index]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Quality of Employment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Deprivation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Employed Population]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Liz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El factor humano como elemento dinamizador del proceso empresarial en la gestión de la información y conocimiento]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ACIMED]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<numero>20</numero>
<issue>20</issue>
<page-range>42-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sougiannis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The capitalization, amortization and value-relevance of R &amp; D]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Accounting and Economics]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>21</numero>
<issue>21</issue>
<page-range>107-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feldman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nota introductoria: La precarización del empleo en la Argentina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Centro Interamericado de Administración del Trabajo- Consejo Latinoamericado de Ciencias Sociales]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Battistini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La precariedad como referencial identitario. Un estudio sobre la realidad del trabajo en la Argentina actual]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psicoperspectivas]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>120-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Efectos de la educación sobre la mejora en la calidad del empleo en Bolivia]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[La Paz ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Mayor de San Andrés]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nogales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Córdoba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urquidi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the relationship between labor market policies and outcomes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios de Economía]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>61-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yañez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aproximación a la calidad del empleo en Bolivia (2006-2015)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía sectorial]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>73</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arteaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El Desarrollo humano y la generación de capacidades]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[El Salvador ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Dialogos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernandez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Análisis de la calidad del empleo en Paraguay]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Población y Desarrollo]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>21</numero>
<issue>21</issue>
<page-range>8-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. y. R. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La Calidad del Empleo en America Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Macroeconomía del Desarrollo]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<numero>110</numero>
<issue>110</issue>
<page-range>1-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Born]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sacco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El análisis de la calidad del empleo a partir de un índice multidimensional: una mirada al mercado urbano en Argentina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[De prácticas y discursos]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aplicación de conjuntos difusos para crear índices multidimensionales. Una aproximación para cuantificar la calidad del empleo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Universitaria]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernanz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Calidad del empleo: una propuesta de índice y su medición para el periodo 2005-2013]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Public Economics]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>225</numero>
<issue>225</issue>
<page-range>133-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marcaletti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. T. E. C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bienestar en el Trabajo y Calidad del Empleo. Resultados del modelo Quality of Ageing at Work (QAW)]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sehnbruch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gonzáles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Apablaza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arriagada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Quality of Employment (QoE) in nine Latin American countries: A multidimensional perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krishnakumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nogales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Education, skills and a good job: A multidimensional econometric analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>128</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alkire]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measuring acute poverty in the developing world: Robustness and scope of the multidimensional poverty index]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<numero>59</numero>
<issue>59</issue>
<page-range>251-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Human Capital: A theoritical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education]]></source>
<year>1964</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[National Bureau of Economic Research]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investment in human capital: a theoretical analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1962</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>9-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mincer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Schooling, experience and earnings]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[National Bureau of Economic]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina Tejerina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bobka Calcina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comercio internacional y brechas salariales no explicadas por género: Evidencia para el sector agrícola]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Investigación &amp; Desarrollo]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>16</numero>
<issue>16</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alkire]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revising the global Multidimensional Poverty Index: Empirical insight and robustness]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Oxford]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dutta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Endogenous weghts and multidimensional poverty: A cautionary tale]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Development Economics]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
