ARTÍCULOS – INGENIERÍAS

DESIGNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF A DYNAMIC VIBRATION BALANCING MACHINE FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

DISEÑO Y DESARROLLO DE UNA MÁQUINA DE BALANCEO DINÁMICO DE VIBRACIONES PARA APLICACIONES INDUSTRIALES

Swith Claude Burgos Alconz and Grover Zurita V.

Laboratorio de Innovación Tecnológica Industrial y Robótica (LITIR) ]]> Universidad Privada Boliviana
Cochabamba-Bolivia
grzurita@upb.edu

(Recibido el 05 junio 2019, aceptado para publicación el 28 junio 2019)

ABSTRACT

There is a steadily growing demand for reliable, versatile measurement rotor balancing system which can be used to determine the machine unbalances behavior. The effect of these causes are the increase of vibration amplitudes, causing damage to elements of the machines, mainly in the bearings, reduce useful life time, and increase fatigue failure in machines. The industry requires that machines have to operate continuously, efficient maintenance philosophy, and reduce down time. Therefore, this research work has the main objective to design and develop a low cost rotor balancing measurement system for industrial applications. This research study was based on the ISO 1940-1 standard. The Solidworks software was used for the designing, structural stress, and modal analysis. It was also carried out and extensive numerical analysis with Finite Element Method (FEM), of the developed measurement system, in order to identify the structure resonance frequencies to avoid with the induction motor rotation frequency. For the simplicity, precision and robustness, the single plane four runs method for rotor balancing was selected. Finally, it was developed a rotor balancing measurement system. It showed the ability, and potential to use the developed equipment in industrial environment. Moreover, it has been shown that the measurement and the applied analysis method have worked accurate for unbalance detection and reduction of vibration levels from G13 to G2.

Keywords: Rotor, Balancing, Vibration analysis, Solidworks, FEM, Modal Analysis, ISO 1940-1.

RESUMEN

Palabras Clave: Rotor, Desequilibrio, Análisis Vibracional, Solidworks, FEM, Análisis Modal, ISO 1940-1.

1.     INTRODUCTION

The unbalance is consider the most common source of vibration in machine components [1], [2]. It could cause for excessive bearings loadings, which reduce useful life time, and increase fatigue failure of machines. In modern machines, the unbalance factor is quite important for designing and maintenance health monitoring. Based on the aforementioned, there is a need to have industrial equipment in continuous operation, and the best way to increase the machines life time are through its adequate alignment and precision balancing methods. If the machine is balanced and aligned correctly, and if all the resonance problems are corrected, then it is likely that the machine will operate for a significantly longer time period, before failures occurs[3], [4]. Any type of failure mode can lead to a functional failure and therefore to economic losses. Therefore, in order to secure an efficient working machines process [5],[6],[7], in recent years have been applying efficiently, the conditions maintenance approach.

The literature review showed that the most common faults in rotating machines are due to misaligned axes and unbalanced rotors (2). Therefore, in this context, the development of balancing machines for industrial applications is of mayor significance. Due to the characteristics of this research project, the literature survey covers two main parts: a) Design and development of rotor balancing systems, and b) Rotor balancing quantification techniques.

S. Sweedney et al., in 2005 [8] redesigned the rotor balancing system to reduce the unbalance phenomena. It was obtained by changing a lighter disk and shorter rotor shaft to increase the rigidly of the system. D. Han in 2006 [9], developed a model balancing for non-isotropic rotor system. The idea was to develop a generalized modal analysis from an unbalance model response to obtain new model parameters to be use partly, to quantify the unbalances, and partly to reduce it. L. T. Hongwei et al., in 2011[10], their research work was based on vibration signals analysis and filtering techniques. They developed an online process for dynamic balancing system for spindle and grinding in CNC machines.

A laser device was implemented to perform rotor balancing by, M. Stoesslein et al., in 2016. It works by the laser removing materials in automatic and controlled form. A structure surface vibration signals values were used to activate removing materials. A. Wanq et al., in 2017 [10],  applied a four order non-homogeneous partial differential equation set to unbalance responses, damping bearing coefficients and rotor unbalance. It was also proposed a novel measurement Point Vector Method to determine rotor unbalance under operating. A high speed balance approach was developed for turbo machinery by G. Bin in 2018. The rotating speed of a rotor is hardly constant in practice due to angular speed fluctuation, which affects the balancing accuracy of the rotor. In this paper, the effect of angular speed fluctuation on vibration responses of the unbalanced rotor is analyzed quantitatively. Then, a vibration signal correction method based on zoom synchro’s squeezing transform (ZST) and tacho less order tracking was proposed. The instantaneous angular speed (IAS) of the rotor is extracted by the ZST firstly and then used to calculate the instantaneous phase. The vibration signal is further resampled in angular domain to reduce the effect of angular speed fluctuation. The signal obtained in angular domain is transformed into order domain using discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to estimate the amplitude and phase of the vibration signal. Simulated and experimental results show that the proposed method can successfully correct the amplitude and phase of the vibration signal due to angular speed fluctuation. The Coefficient Balance Method (CBM) was used to identify the shaft balancing values. The multi plane coefficients with varying speeds are based on steady state response from the Finite Element Method (FEM).

H. Cao, et al., in 2018 [11], studied the vibration signal corrections of an unbalanced rotor as a result of speed fluctuations. First, it was defined the speed fluctuations and it was reduced the effects of the rotors fluctuations, by using the Zoom Synchrosqueezing Transform (ZST). A self-sensing piezoelectric actuator was used for unbalance detection in rotor systems, by R. Ambur, et al., in 2018 [12]. In this research, the tests were performed the unbalance rotor faults were detected by using a parameter optimization method, which was also calculated the location, phase and unbalance magnitude. The final analysis was performed in laboratory test bench, and the developed method could be used both for control action and fault detection. It was also described included a numerical simulation of the manufactured prototype and it was also performed a dynamical structure analysis by modal analysis.

2.     THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: ROTOR BALANCING THEORY, STRUCTURE STRESS ANALYSIS AND MODAL ANALYSIS  

2.1 Rotor Balancing Theory

The unbalance is defined as, the condition that exists in a rotor when vibratory forces are imparted to its bearings as a result of the existence of centrifugal forces. The presence of imbalance causes a centrifugal force which is proportional to the square of the rotational speed or angular frequency. The following equation sustains the above.

where  is the centrifugal force in newton , m is the unbalance mass, e is the distance between the central shaft rotation with the unbalance mass, and  is the rotor angular velocity.

Figure 1 shows a typical mass-spring system, restricted for vertical movements "x" and excited by a rotating machine that is unbalanced. The unbalance is represented by a mass (m) that causes an eccentricity, and an unbalance force in the radial direction.

Figure 1: Spring –mass system with unbalance mass (m)[18].

The rotor balancing can be performed in two ways, which are, "in-situ" and "in workshop". The first one refers to performing the balancing in the field i.e. balancing the rotating machine in its working place. The second alternative, refers to removing the rotor from the working place and taking it to a test bench [7]. Each aforementioned method form has its advantages/disadvantages, the technique to be applied will depend mainly on the size of the rotor, the access for taking measurements, safety to the personnel and adjacent machines that could cause noise when taking readings.

Figure 2 illustrates a high peak (vibration amplitude) of about the first order at the rotation frequency of the rotor. It is said that the rotor is unbalanced if the obtained vibration amplitudes are above the permitted threshold, see even the ISO 1940-1 for details. The general idea is to reduce considerably the vibration peaks at the frequency of rotation in order to avoid unbalance of a rotor [8]. The rotor unbalance increment is not linear but increases proportionally to the square of the angular velocity.

.

Figure 2: Waterfall spectrums with frequency orders with increasing content of unbalances[19].

There are four types of rotor balancing methods: a) Single plane balance method, b) Couple par, c) Quasi- static and d) Dynamical unbalance (Multiple plane balance). Based on the literature review, it was defined to develop in our research work the single plane balanced method. The 95% of the unbalance machines can be handled by the aforementioned method (9). It can be introduced a general idea how it works. Figure 3 shows a rotor in two supports and an unbalance mass causing the main axis of inertia to move away from the principal axis of rotation.

Figure 3: Rotor with additional mass and two main supports.

In Figure 3 F₁ is the centrifugal force and m₁ is the unbalance mass. When the unbalanced mass is in a singular plane, as in the case of a fan rotor (thin), the resulting unbalance is a radial force (F₁). Figure 4 shows how the unbalance can be corrected by placing a correction mass in the opposite direction to the unbalance.

Figure 4: a) Rotor with unbalance mass, b) Rotor with correction mass [20].

In IRD Mechanalysis [21], defined the criteria for choosing the number of correction planes in rigid rotors. They observed that balancing in a single plane method is usually sufficient for rotors with length (L) /Diameter(D) and the ratio of less than 0.5 and speed range up to 1000 rpm.

Figure 5a) shows increasing speeds doesn`t changed the unbalanced in a rigid rotor. The unbalance will remain approximately constant when the rotor is working at its operating speed [22]. The unbalance is both constant in the Cartesian and the polar plane, respectively

Figure 5: Behavior of a changing speed rotor, a) Rigid rotor and b) flexible rotor.

In Figure 5 n_a is the low rotating speed, and n_b is the operational speed. Figure 5 b) illustrates the behavior of a flexible rotor. It can be seen that the rotor unbalance changes values with increasing speed [22].

2.2 Structure Stress Analysis and Dynamical Modal analysis

The developed rotor balancing measurement system was analyzed by the Finite Element Method (FEM), based on the Von Misses Equation. The solid works software (Dynamic module) was applied for the stress and the modal analysis. The general Von Misses equation is [23]:

3.     DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE ROTOR BALANCING MACHINE

Figure 6 shows a typical balancing machine where the unit of measurement and the element (rotor) to be analyzed is on a bench. There are bearing supports that are suspended on the pedestal and it has the possibility to move horizontally, and their heights are adjusted according to the rotor diameter axis.

Vibratory dampers are added to avoid resonance in the structure. Vibration sensors are attached to the supports for data vibration recording. The universal machines refer to horizontal axis machines and the single-purpose balancing machines can be vertical and horizontal according to the task to be fulfilled.

To be systematic and optimize the designing and manufacturing process of the rotor balancing measurement system all the process was based on [23], and sketched as shown in Figure 7. It starts with the requirement needs and identification of the problem. The project had to synthesis, structuring the tasks to perform. After many iterations, it ends with the presentation of the plans to satisfy the need. Depending on the nature of the design task, some phases of design may be repeated during the life of the product, from conception to completion [14].

Figure 7: Design process phases [14].

3.1 Relevant Balancing Aspects

Figure 8: Overview of the rotor balancing designing procedure. 

4.     ROTOR BALANCING DESIGN, PROTOTYPE CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

This section includes several elements, such as: technical requirements, description and machine design. It was also included the structure stress and modal analysis. Figure 9 denotes the overall overview of the designed and developed machine components.

Figure 9: Designed rotor balancing machine, drawing in Solidworks.

4.1 Technical Requirements

Based on the literature review. The single four run balanced plane method was selected for our research project. The 95% of the machine component can be balanced by the aforementioned method. The method requirements have to fulfill, the ratio of the rotor Length(L) and rotor diameter (D) had to be less than 5, and the rotation speed is not more than 1000 rpm.

Figure 10 shows the designed machine bench, which has a variable vertical support that regulates the vertical position of the suspension system. Moreover, it was performed a theoretical structural analysis to determine, the structure resonances don’t coincide with the shaft, rotor and/or suspension system.

The bench is the structure in charge of supporting the suspension components, shaft and the rotor in the upper part. The lower part has a mechanism, a platform to support the induction motor. It also supports an induction motor of 1Hp of 20 Kg. This mechanism consists of tensioning the belt with the motor's own weight by means of a pendulum movement of the platform. It contains also an adjustable steel frame for vertical positioning of the suspension system.

Figure 10: Designed bench machine, drawing in Solidworks.

4.3 The Suspension System

Figure 11 shows the suspension system. It can be seen the supporting shaft and rotor with three degrees of freedom: horizontal, vertical and pendulum in the axial direction. The characteristic of this system is that it can isolate or at least reduce the external vibrations phenomena.

Figure 11: Suspension prototype for rotor balancing measurement system.

4.4 Shaft Designing System and Power Transmission

Figure 12: Shaft connected for balancing.

5.     STRUCTURE STRESS AND MODAL ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM SHAFT, MACHINE BENCH, AND SUSPENSION SYSTEM  

This section describes the formulation adopted for the numerical simulation of the shaft, machine bench, transmission power, and the suspension system. The developed rotor balancing system was also carried out on a theoretical modal analysis.

5.1 Shaft Structure Stress Analysis

The most common used shaft is the Ø38H6/K6 with 60 kg mass, which was selected for the project. H stands for tolerance value of the place to be assembled the shaft. Ø38 is the nominal shaft diameter, K is the shaft precision tolerance. In order to see it, if the selected shaft was appropriate for the characteristics of the project a structure stress analysis was applied, starting to calculate the external forces applying on the shaft, see Figure 13 for details.

Figure 13: The system initial reaction forces.

Where are the reaction forces in the supports A and B.  is the rotor weight,  is shaft weight and  is the pulley weight. The readers can see details in Table 1, the obtained results of the reactions forces, the results of the stress numerical analysis. Table 1 summaries the calculate forces and gives the references values to compare.

Figure 14 denotes the static stress analysis. Figure 14a) shows the maximum intensity in the central part with 15.57 Mpa, and the critical force is about 588 N. These values can be compared with the reference value of the AISI 1035 steel, showing that the shaft tension values will be in the region of the elastic part. The  is 205 Mpa, giving the security ratio factor of 14. Figure 14b) illustrates a maximum displacement of 0.04 mm, due to the applied force of 588 N. It means the selected shaft will be operating in the safe region.

Figure 14: a) The shaft stress analysis and b) 3D model and finite element results for the shaft displacement.

The structural dynamic analysis can be seen in Figure 15. Figure 15a) illustrates the external torsional forces on the shaft, due to the transmission torque of the induction motor. It is coupled the shaft by a power transmission system. The initial weight condition was about 60 kg. The motor rotation frequency was 24 [Hz] (1400 [RPM]). The shaft natural frequency must be above the 24 Hz, in order to avoid resonances phenomena. In our case, see even Figure 15, the shaft natural resonances, according the results of the numerical analysis were above 455, 1582, and 2728 Hz, respectively. It indicates that the shaft will never resonate with the motor’s natural rotating frequency.

Figure 15: Modal analysis results.

Figure 16 shows the shaft’s resonance frequency around 455 Hz will have a structural stress of 29 M.pa which unlike the static is higher, but is still below the yield strength limit of the material. And it has a maximum displacement of 0.034 mm.

Figure 16: Von Misses stresses and displacement of the shaft first mode. 

5.2 The System Suspension’s Stress Structure Analysis  

First, it was carried out the calculation of the reaction forces on the rolling bearings. Figure 17 shows a free body diagram with reactions forces and the displacement to be calculated due to the unbalances forces.

Figure 17: Free body diagram of the reactions forces.

The main suspension system in Figure 18 is isolated from the suspension system with supporting springs. This is because, it has to support the object to measure and reduce the influence of external forces.

Figure 18: a) Suspension main system, and b) Free body diagram with resulting forces.

The bearings reaction forces and the horizontal displacement of 2 mm were determined to assume to generate the unbalance force. The obtained calculated unbalance forces were R_Bx, and .

The second static Finite Element Method was carried out on the suspension system. It can be seen Figure 19; the maximum stress concentration is given in the bearing cage with a value of 50 Mpa. The stress value is below the yield limit of the bearing material of 620 MPa. The safety factor value is about 2. The maximum displacement occurs when the reference mass is mounted with a value of 0.00586 mm. It can also be stressed out that the main suspension system will not fail.

Figure 19: Main suspension system.

Taking into account the mass of unbalance, we have the force R_Bx = 40 N, causing a randomly vibration amplitudes, due to that force a displacement of 2 mm in the horizontal direction is obtained. As a result of that, any component will come into resonance with the axis.

Figure 20: A) Suspension system front view, b) Overall view of the suspension system.

Finally, it was performed the entire suspension structure stress system analysis, see Figure 22 a) for details. The resonance obtained frequencies are 84, 97, 177, 287, and 290 Hz, respectively. Figure 22b) denotes the maximum stress value of 40 Mpa at frequency of 98 Hz, which is related to the second resonance of the system. The obtained value is lower of the reference value, which does not exceed the elastic limit of the material of 180 Mpa. The resonant frequencies are quite high, indicating that any resonance phenomena can happen in the developed suspension system.

To complete this entire section of suspension system analysis the following is concluded: All the analysis is for a rotor mass of critical conditions of 60 Kg, the suspension system will not fail when working at its operating frequency of 17 Hz. The rotating speed is lower than the structure resonance frequency. It is one requirement of the ISO 1940-1.

Figure 21: The first five resonance mode responses of the main suspension system.

Figure 22: a) Overall stress analysis of the suspension system and b) the highest stress tension in the structure.

5.3 Structure Machine Bench Stress Analysis

This section contains an extensive study of the structure bench stress analysis. Figure 23 shows the force applied in the structure with the analysis of the induction motor’s weight, rotor loads, shaft, suspension system and pulley. The sum gives a total weight of 665 N, this load is divided by four supporting points on the bench, in which there is a force of 166 N at each point, as it can be seen in Figure 23.

Figure 23: 3D numerical analysis of the machine bench structure.

The obtained results of the numerical analysis shown, as maximum tension of 15.5 N/mm². It gives a factor security of 130. In Figure 24 illustrates the results of the numerical modal analysis of the bench structure. It shows the first five representative results of the stress analysis. It was shown before, in a previous result in figure 15, that the natural frequency of the shaft was around 455 Hz and the first resonance in the machine bench is about 700 Hz. It means that we are above the shaft resonance frequency and the rotating shaft frequency about 17 Hz, which means that machine bench structure will not vibrate due the resonance phenomena of the shaft.

Figure 24: Summarize modal analysis results of the bench machine.

6.     MEASUREMENT SET-UP AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

This section contains the measurement set-up and the analysis procedure for the developed measurement system. Figure 25 shows and overview of the structure bench, suspension system, induction motor, shaft, and a rotor(fan).

The applied method for the rotor balancing was the single plane balancing with four-runs method (25). The above method is used for machines that operates below the critical speed an L/D ratio than 0.5. L means the length of the rotor, and D is the rotor diameter. The rotating speed has to below 1000 rpm.

So, the four-runs method was used to balance the single plane rotor, using one vibration data channel. This method uses only the vibration signals to balance a rotor. There is no need for a tacho signal to measure rotor angle values. Figure 26 illustrates the suspension system with four vibration measurement points to calibrate the equipment, in order to obtain similar vibration amplitudes by adjusting the strength of the springs. Figure 27 denotes the three measurement points at 0 ^o, 120 ^o and 240^o at the rotor, with the reference mass to start the rotor balancing process.

Figure 25: Overview of the structure bench, suspension system, induction motor, shaft, and a rotor (fan).

Figure 26: System suspension with the four vibration measurement points.

Figure 27: Three measurement points at 0 ^o, 120 ^o and 240^o at the rotor.

Figure 28 shows the rotor ventilation fans and the adjusting system with the pressing screw

7.     ANALYSIS AND RESULTS OF THE ROTOR BALANCING SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY

Initially, the rotor balancing equipment is carried out by a calibration procedure. That is, to measure at four points in horizontal positions, see the Figure 29. All tests must be calculated according to ISO 1940-1. Figure 29a) shows a diagram to facilitate the location of measurement points to collect data. The idea is to obtain similar vibration amplitude in all four measurement points; by adjusting the vertical springs stiffness until similar vibration values are obtained. Once the machine has been calibrated with the shaft, the rotor can start the balancing procedure.

Figure 29: Rotor balancing measurement points (1H, 2H, 3H, and 4H).

To perform the rotor balance analysis, it can be performed in the following procedure:

Figure 30: Flowchart for calculating the rotor balancing procedure.

The input data was, . Initially, it has to be define the permissible residual specific unbalance (), which is the micron displacement of the main axis of inertia to the axis of rotation. This can be obtained from Figure 31, by applying the speed of 1000 rpm and the quality criterion of G6.3, which gives . The permissible residual specific unbalance is . The recommended degree of balancing quality for fan rotors is G6.3, this data determines the specific residual imbalance (specific unbalance quantity). The result obtained helps to find the permissible residual unbalance.

Figure 31: Diagram for detection of the permissible residual specific unbalance.

The Admissible Unbalance (AU), refers the amount of mass that may be causing unbalance in the rotor. The AU value indicates the unbalance mass somewhere in the rotor. Let initiates with the balancing of a rotor mass of M=19.5 kg. The Admissible Unbalance will be:

The permissible unbalance value   gr

The centrifugal force will be:

And the test mass (will be:

where g is the gravitational acceleration, 9.81 m/s2, M is the rotor mass and r the rotor radio, and k=2 is the factor recommended by “IRD Mech-analysis” [21]. The test mass will be .

The four-run rotor balancing single method has the following measurement procedure (ISO 1940-1):

a) Throughout the first run, the reference vibration signal is recorded in four vibration measurement points at 1H, 2H, 3H and 4H, see Figure 26 and 29.  These vibration measurements are performed in order have almost the same vibration amplitudes. If it necessary, the suspension systems’ springs can be adjusted to get the right values.

b) Measured the vibration values with three locations (0^o, 120^o and 240^o) on the rotor is attach the trial weight, respectively. It has to be drawn four circles in the polar plane, see even the drawn in Figure 32. It can be seen the r, r₁, r₂, r₃ are the radios. The first circle is due to the reference signal; the radio is the amplitude times 2. The circles can be generated also with r₁, r₂, and r₄.

c) To calculate the amount of mass and location in degrees, the correction mass can be determined by a polar diagram or mathematically by the software “Adash”. It has to be included in the analysis the weight value.

d) Finally, it was calculated the distance and the degree of the weight to be adjust, in order to reduce the unbalance of the system. Determine the point where the circles r, r₁,r₂ r₃ are crossed and draw a vector E_p from the center until it cuts with the three circles. The vector indicates the angular position of the correction mass, see Figure 32.

The obtained values were with the first run 13.079 mm/s without test mass. At 120^o degrees was placed the test mass at Vibration A and the obtained value was 8.735mm/s. Vibration B is 9.655, and Vibration C were 14.448 mm/s, respectively. After collecting the 4 vibration readings we proceed to calculate the correction mass and its direction.

After drawing the circles in the polar diagram, taking as a diameter twice the measured vibration amplitude, a line is placed in a middle region that form the four circles, as shown in Figure 32. Giving a value of 6.54 cm now the data is replaced in equation (9).

where  is the correction mass,  is velocity reference with 6.54 mm/s, and the mass  gr, and IR=13.079 mm/s. The obtain value of m_c=41.85 gr at 60^o from A.  

According the ISO 1940-1, the residual unbalance , has to be higher than the permissible unbalance . Let`s control it.

Where the  is the calculated distance by the polar plane. As a result, the rotor is still unbalanced because >  for a rotor with the characteristics of the mass is 19.5 Kg and 500 mm rotor diameter. Both the correction mass and the location are correct, however, in order to reduce the , the mass has to be moved a radius further from the axis, according ISO 1940-1. For ease when placing the correction mass in the rotor, take the maximum radius of R=250 mm.

By replacing data with the correct mass and new position:

The correction mass of 10.91 gr and 60^o from position A was welded in the rotor. Figure 33 shows the correction mass in the rotor of 19.5 Kg.

Figure 33: Location of the correction mass and angle.

Table 2 shows the summery of the analysis results. It can be pointed out that the requirement was of G6.3, however the obtained results with the developed rotor balancing measurement system was about G2.6, see even Table 2.

To validate the obtained results of the developed rotor balancing system. The measured vibration signal was used as input data in a standard vibration measurement instrument, “MAC 200”. This generates a report to be observed how the vibration amplitudes decreases below the ISO 1940-1. In our case was the reference value G13 and it was obtained G2.8, see Table 2. In Figure 34 shows the obtained results from the standard analysis instrument, the first four vibration measurements have higher amplitudes, however. After the balancing procedure, it was obtained vibration reduction down to 2.6 mm/s, which means quality grade of G2.6 based on ISO 1940-1.

Figure 34: Rotor balancing report according the standard vibration analysis instrument, “MAC 800”.

Mass unbalance in a rotating system usually produces unwanted centrifugal forces that reduces the life span of mechanical elements. To minimize the harmful effects of unbalance, the rotor balancing is frequently considering to be upfront technique that is carried out in guidance with the instruction specified by the balancing machine manufacturer.

Before balancing procedure, there is some attention that should be addressed. The situation can appear looks like rotor unbalance; however, there are several cases that can appear similar case for example: Soft foot, cracked shaft, excessive bearing clearance, shaft misalignment, bent shaft. Therefore, the rule of thumb is to properly diagnose the cause of mechanical behavior before starting with the balancing procedure.

Finally, the cost of the developed rotor balancing system, comparing standard alternatives with the same accuracy and precision, was about 87% less in price. 

9.     CONCLUSIONS 

There is a steadily growing demand for reliable, versatile measurement rotor balancing system which can be used to determine the machine parts unbalances. The effect of these causes are the increase of vibration amplitudes, causing damage to elements of the machines, mainly in the bearings, reduce useful life time, and increase fatigue failure in machines. The industry requires that machines have to operate continuously, efficient maintenance philosophy, and reduce the down time. Therefore, this research work has the main objective to design and develop a low-cost rotor balancing measurement system for industrial applications.

Based on the literature review was selected the four-run single plane method for the simplicity and it fulfills the requirements. The designing and prototype manufacturing was applied according ISO 1940-1.

For the designing, the structural stress analysis and the modal analysis was used The Solidworks software. It was carried out and extensive numerical analysis with FEM, of the developed measurement system, in order to identify the structure resonance frequencies to avoid with the induction motor rotation speed.

The cost of the developed rotor balancing system, comparing standard alternatives with the same precision requirements, was about 87% less in price.

10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors want to thank UPB for their financial support for the execution of this research project. 

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