<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2415-2250</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Oikos Polis]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Oikos Polis]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2415-2250</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene MorenoFacultad de Ciencias Económicas, Administrativas y Financieras FCEAFInstituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales José Ortiz Mercado IIESJOM]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2415-22502022000100074</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">1056274/op.2022.v.7n1.4</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El Network Marketing. Conceptualización, origen e identificación de empresas que lo usan.]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Network marketing. Conceptualization, origin and identification of companies use it.]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burbano Cerón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Góngora Lemos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivonne]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,aff1  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,aff2  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>74</fpage>
<lpage>97</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2415-22502022000100074&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2415-22502022000100074&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2415-22502022000100074&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: El network marketing también conocido como marketing multinivel, marketing de red o red de mercadeo, es un sistema de distribución o forma de marketing que mueve bienes y/o servicios del fabricante hacia el consumidor por medio de una red, en la que los vendedores son retribuidos no solo por las ventas que ellos mismos generan sino también por las ventas generadas por los vendedores que forman parte de su estructura. Es utilizado por muchas empresas para distribuir sus productos y/o servicios, donde se crea una red de consumidores que se convierten en multiplicadores de las ventas, a través de la recomendación y los buenos testimonios. El presente tiene como objetivo realizar una conceptualización de lo que es el Network marketing, cual es el origen del network marketing, sus ventajas y desventajas, como también se identifica cuáles son las empresas que aplican este modelo en Santiago de Cali.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Network marketing, also known as multilevel marketing, network marketing or network marketing, is a distribution system or form of marketing that moves goods and / or services from the manufacturer to the consumer through a network, in which sellers are remunerated not only by the sales that they generate but also by the sales generated by the sellers that are part of its structure. It is used by many companies to distribute their products and / or services, where a network of consumers is created that becomes multipliers of sales, through recommendation and good testimonies. The purpose of this is to conceptualize what network marketing is, what is the origin of network marketing, its advantages and disadvantages, as well as to identify the companies that apply this model in Santiago de Cali.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Network Marketing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Multinivel]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Mercado de redes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Distribución]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Rentabilidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Network marketing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Multilevel]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Network market]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Distribution]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Profitability]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El sistema de venta multinivel: un tipo de venta directa]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alturas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Direct selling: from door to door to network marketing]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>American Marketing Association</collab>
<source><![CDATA[About AMA. American Marketing Association. Estados Unidos]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Amway</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Tú éxito]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Amway</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Tú oportunidad]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Häkansson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johanson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dyadic business relationships within a business network context]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Marketing]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1&#8722;16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Havila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Role and position-understanding dynamics in networks, 9th IMP Conference]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Avon</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Plan Empresarial de Crecimiento]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Direct Selling: From Door to Door to Network Marketing, Butterworth- Heinemann]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhattacharya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mehta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Socialization in network marketing organizations: Is it cult behavior]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Socio-Economics]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>361-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Easton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Araújo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-economic exchange in industrial networks]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Axelsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Easton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial networks: A new view of reality]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<page-range>62&#8722;84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estrategias de venta en el comercio internacional: caso de estudio Mary Kay]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guevara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Networking como Estrategia de Marketing de la Multinacional Herbalife en Cartagena: Estudio del Caso]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Häkansson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International marketing and purchasing of industrial goods: An interaction approach]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Häkansson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snehota]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Developing relationships in business networks]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Network marketing or pyramid scheme?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Black Enterprise]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>102-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pirámides Financieras Vs Banca Central]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Militar Nueva Granada]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El abc del régimen de ventas multinivel en Colombia]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Herbalife</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Oportunidad]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Infinitus</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Nuestra compañía]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johanson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mattsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. -G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Marketing investments and market investments in industrial networks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Research in Marketing]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>185&#8722;195</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johanson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mattsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. -G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Network positions and strategic action-An analytical framework]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ivan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Understanding Business Markets]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Korgaonkar]]></surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wolin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A multivariate analysis of the use of the web]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuntze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The dark side of multilevel marketing appeals to the symbolically incomplete]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Ley 1700</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Comercialización en Red o Mercadeo Multinivel]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las lecciones de las estafas piramidales en Chile y el mundo. Observatorio Económico 104]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Descubre Mary Kay]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Quiero ser una consultora]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Multinivel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ranking 2018 De Las 100 Mejores Empresas Multinivel Del Mundo]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orrego]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis del impacto que generan las empresas dedicadas al mercadeo multinivel como posible nueva alternativa de empleo informal en los estudiantes de Administración de Empresas de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, sede Bogotá]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poch Enciso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anzola Ordoñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La verdad de los negocios multinivel desde la perspectiva del distribuidor]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pontificia Universidad Javeriana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naudé]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Developing network pictures as a conceptual device]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Network pictures as a research device: Developing a tool to capture actors&#8217; perceptions in organizational networks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial Marketing Management]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>447-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robledo Giraldo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osorio Zuluaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Potencial de ingresos pasivos para los distribuidores en empresas de mercadeo multinivel con un plan de compensación binario]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Impacto Socioeconómico del Network Marketing en Bolivia]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tovar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historia y Evolución del Network Marketing, Redes de Mercadeo, Mercadeo en Red, Multinivel]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vander Nat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keep]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Marketing fraud: An approach for differentiating multilevel marketing from pyramid schemes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Public Policy &amp; Marketing]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>139-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Network Marketing: Tendencia Mundial]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yarnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Su primer año en el Network Marketing: Supere sus miedos, alcance el éxito y logre sus sueños]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Time &amp; Money Network Editions]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
