<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2074-4706</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Económico]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[rlde]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2074-4706</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo"]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2074-47062026000100083</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35319/lajed.202645629</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Programas sociales, progresividad y descomposición del índice de progresividad de Kakwani, Bolivia 2016-2024]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Social Programs, Progressivity, and Decomposition of the Kakwani Progressivity Index: Bolivia, 2016-2024]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galván]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Landa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad SEK  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Unidad de Analisis de Politicas Sociales y Economicas (UDAPE)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>45</numero>
<fpage>83</fpage>
<lpage>140</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2074-47062026000100083&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2074-47062026000100083&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2074-47062026000100083&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen*** Este trabajo evalúa la incidencia distributiva y la progresividad de los programas sociales en Bolivia durante el período 2016-2024. El análisis se fundamenta en el marco de progresividad de Kakwani (1977) y sus extensiones desarrolladas por Lustig y Higgins (2013) y Marx et al. (2013), e incorpora la descomposición propuesta por Wodon y Yitzhaki (2002) para cuantificar el aporte reductor o amplificador de la desigualdad de cada fuente de ingreso. El Índice de Progresividad de Kakwani se descompone siguiendo la metodología de Iyer y Reckers (2012), adaptada al contexto de las transferencias sociales. El análisis empírico considera los programas Renta Dignidad, Juana Azurduy, Juancito Pinto y Desayuno Escolar, y emplea curvas de concentración, curvas de progresividad y curvas de déficit de participación (DS curves). Los resultados muestran que todos los programas son progresivos a lo largo del período analizado, con un patrón mayoritariamente pro-pobre, especialmente en el área rural. La Renta Dignidad explica la mayor contribución a la progresividad agregada y a la reducción de la desigualdad. Un análisis comparativo en 2024 con Chile, México, Paraguay, y en 2025 para República Dominicana, confirma el impacto distributivo favorable de los programas sociales.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This paper assesses the distributional incidence and progressivity of social programs in Bolivia over the period 2016-2024. The analysis is grounded in the Kakwani (1977) progressivity framework and subsequent extensions by Lustig and Higgins (2013) and Marx et al. (2013), and incorporates the Wodon and Yitzhaki (2002) decomposition to quantify the inequality- reducing or inequality-increasing contribution of each income source. The Kakwani Progressivity Index is decomposed following Iyer and Reckers (2012), adapted to the context of social transfers. Theempirical analysis covers Renta Dignidad, Juana Azurduy, Juancito Pinto, and the School Breakfast Program, and employs concentration curves, progressivity curves, and participation deficit curves (DS curves). Results indicate that all programs are progressive throughout the sample period, with most exhibiting pro-poor targeting, particularly in rural areas. Renta Dignidad accounts for the largest contribution to aggregate progressivity and the reduction of inequality. A cross-country comparison for 2024 with Chile, Mexico, and 2025 for the Dominican Republic, confirms the favorable distributive impact of social programs.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Desigualdad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[programas sociales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[progresividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Índice de Kakwani]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pro- pobre]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Inequality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Social Programs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Progressivity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Kakwani Index]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pro-poor]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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