<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1994-3733</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Perspectivas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Perspectivas]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1994-3733</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, Unidad Académica Regional Cochabamba]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1994-37332021000200057</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Crecimiento económico, desigualdad y pobreza: evaluación empírica para el caso boliviano]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Economic growth, inequality and poverty: empirical evaluation for the bolivian case]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montaño Quiroga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudia C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navia Mendoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Mayor de San Simón  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Mayor de San Simón  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>48</numero>
<fpage>57</fpage>
<lpage>98</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1994-37332021000200057&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1994-37332021000200057&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1994-37332021000200057&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Con frecuencia se intenta priorizar el crecimiento económico sobre la desigualdad en el ingreso y sobre la pobreza, esto por considerarlos objetivos contrapuestos, aunque una posición contraria plantea que, para garantizar elevados niveles de crecimiento económico, debe prevalecer la distribución equitativa de los ingresos para reducir los niveles de pobreza. El objetivo de la investigación es identificar el impacto del crecimiento económico per cápita de Bolivia sobre la desigualdad en la distribución del ingreso y la pobreza en el período 1989-2019. Se especifica el modelo generalizado de momentos en dos etapas, y entre los resultados se tiene que el coeficiente del PIB per cápita se relaciona negativamente con el índice de Gini y con la Pobreza, mientras que el índice de tiene una relación positiva con la en ambas funciones. En la primera etapa se encuentra que un aumento en una unidad en el PIB per cápita y una reducción en una unidad de la Pobreza conduce a una disminución de 0,06 y 0,01 unidades en el índice de Gini. Para la segunda etapa se tiene que, ante un aumento unitario en el per cápita y una disminución unitaria del índice de Gini, se genera una reducción de 5,26 y 104,70 unidades en la Pobreza. El de ambas funciones indica que el 72 a 73 por ciento de los cambios en el índice de y en la son causados por el crecimiento del per cápita. También, se ve que la inequidad en la distribución del ingreso dificulta la reducción de la pobreza de ingresos, lo cual suele encontrarse en países con altos niveles iniciales de desigualdad en los ingresos o por el contrario en los que tienen un patrón de crecimiento distributivo que favorece a los que no son pobres.  Clasificación JEL:  O15]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ Abstract Frequently attempts are made to prioritize economic growth over income inequality and poverty, considering them opposing objectives, although a contrary position suggests that, to guarantee high levels of economic growth, the equitable distribution of income must prevail to reduce poverty levels. The objective of the research is to identify the impact of per capita economic growth in Bolivia on inequality in income distribution and poverty in the period 1989-2019. The generalized model of moments in two stages is specified, and the results show that the coefficient of GDP per capita is negatively related to the Gini index and Poverty, while the Gini index has a positive relationship to Poverty in both roles. In the first stage it is found that an increase of one unit in GDP per capita and a reduction of one unit of Poverty leads to a decrease of 0.06 and 0.01 units in the Gini index. For the second stage, given a unit increase in per capita GDP and a unit decrease in the Gini index, a reduction of 5.26 and 104.70 units in Poverty is generated. The of both functions indicates that 72 to 73 percent of the changes in the Gini index and in Poverty are caused by the growth of GDP per capita. Also, it is seen that inequity in income distribution makes it difficult to reduce income poverty, which is usually found in countries with high initial levels of income inequality or, on the contrary, in those with a pattern of distributive growth that it favors those who are not poor.  JEL Classification:  O15]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Crecimiento Económico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Desigualdad en el ingreso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pobreza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Economic Growth]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Income Inequality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Poverty]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abel-Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Townsend]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Poor and the Poorest: A New Analysis of the Ministry of Labour's Family Expenditure Surveys of 1953-54 and 1960]]></source>
<year>1965</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London, United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[G. Bell &amp; Sons]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ashton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Poverty and Its Beholders]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Liverpool, England ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[New- Society]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baratz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grigsby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thoughts on Poverty and its Elimination]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Social Policy]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>119-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Booth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Life and Labour of the People in London]]></source>
<year>1902</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London, United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MacMillan and Co., Limited]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Booth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Charles Booth's London: A Portrait of the Poor at the Turn of the Century, Drawn from his Life and Labour of the People in London]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London, England ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harmondsworth]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buhr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leibfried]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What a Difference a Day Makes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Room]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Beyond the Threshold]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bristol, England ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Policy Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clerc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La dynamique économique de l'exclusion et de l'insertion]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revue de Droit Sanitaire et Social]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>624-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coffield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarsby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Cycle of Deprivation?]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London, United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ashgate Publishing Limited]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Council of the European Union</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On Specific Community Action to Combat Poverty. Council Decision of 19 December 1984]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Official Journal of the European Communities]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Critchlow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hawley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Poverty and Public Policy in Modern America]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago, United States of America ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wadsworth Publishing Co. Inc.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deleeck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van den Bosch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Lathouwer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Poverty and the Adequacy of Social Security in the EC: A Comparative Analysis]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Avebury, United States of America ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Aldershot]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Drèze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hunger and Public Action]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford, United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Clarendon Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duffy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Social exclusion and human dignity in Europe: Background. Report for the Proposed Inititative by the Council of Europe]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Strasbourg ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Council of Europe]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edgell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Class]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London, United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engbersen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Unknown City]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Berkeley Journal of Sociology]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>87-111</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thorbecke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>761-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[George]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Wealth, Poverty and Starvation: A World Perspective]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, England ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gordon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pantazis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patsios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Payne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Townsend]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[York, United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Joseph Rowntree Foundation]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hadri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panel Data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Econometrics Journal]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>148-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Producto Interno Bruto Departamental]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Estadística]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Base de Datos Encuestas Sociales. Encuesta de Hogares]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>International Labour Organization</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Framework of ILO Action Against Poverty]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodgers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Poverty Agenda and the ILO]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva, Switzerland ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ILO, International Institute for Labour Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kolvin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gatzanis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fleeting]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Continuities of Deprivation? The Newcastle 1000 Family Study]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hampshire, United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Avebury, Aldershot]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lansley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Poor Britain]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London, England ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Allen &amp; Unwin, Inc.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacNicol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[In Pursuit of the Underclass]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Social Policy]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>293-318</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Defining and Measuring Inequality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inequality Briefing]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miliband]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Politics and Poverty]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wedderburn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Poverty, Inequality and Class Structure]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge, United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Millar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Women, Poverty and Social Security]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hallett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Women and Social Policy]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hemel Hempstead ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf, United Kingdom]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Poverty: Changing Social Stratification]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Townsend]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Concept of Poverty]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London, United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Heinemann]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Narayan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chambers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petesch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Voices of the Poor: Crying Out for Change]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C., United States of America ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Bank, Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niyimbanira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis of the Impact of Economic Growth on Income Inequality and Poverty in South Africa: The Case of Mpumalanga Province]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>254-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Higgins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jenkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Poverty in the EC: 1975,1980,1985]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teekens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Praag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Analysing Poverty in the European Community]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Luxembourg, Eurostat ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Eurostat News]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piachaud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Peter Townsend and the Holy Grail]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[New Society]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>419-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>PNUD</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2013]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Communications Development Incorporated]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ringen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Direct and Indirect Measures of Poverty]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Social Policy]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>351-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rowntree]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Poverty: A Study of Town Life]]></source>
<year>1902</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London, United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MacMillan and Co., Limited]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Words of Welfare: The Poverty of Social Science and the Social Science of Poverty]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Minneapolis, United States Of America ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Minnesota Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Inequality Reexamined]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford, United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simmel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Poor]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Problems]]></source>
<year>1965</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>118-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spicker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Poverty and Social Security: Concepts and Principles]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London, United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steizer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[American Dream Lives On]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Sunday Times]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Streeten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comments on "The framework of ILO action against poverty"]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodgers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The poverty agenda and the ILO: Issues for Research and Action]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva, Switzerland ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Institute for Labour Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tiemann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Opinion on Social Exclusion]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Todaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Development]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Jersey, United States of America ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pearson Education, Inc.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Townsend]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The International Analysis of Poverty]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, Herts]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Unidad de Análisis de Políticas Sociales y Económicas (UDAPE)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Dossier de Estadísticas Sociales y Económicas. Pobreza y Desigualdad]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>United Nations</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The Copenhagen Declaration and Programme of Action]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Copenhagen, Denmark ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[United Nations]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>United Nations</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Concepts of Inequality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Development Issues]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Department of Economic and Social Affairs]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whelan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whelan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What Sense is Poverty Multidimensional]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bristol, United Kingdom ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Policy Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>World Bank</collab>
<source><![CDATA[World Development Report 1990: Poverty]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Bank, United States of America]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wresinski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chronic Poverty and Lack of Basic Security]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Paris: Official Journal of the Republic of France]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
