Wolfram, E., Salvador, J., Orte, F, D’Elia, R., Quel, E.

Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones (CITEDEF-CONICET), Villa Martelli, Argentina

Tel: +54-11-47098100 ext 1410, Fax: +54-11-47091006, E-mail: ewolfram@gmail.com

Casiccia, C, Zamorano, F.,

Universidad de Magallanez (UMAG),

Punta Arenas, Chile,

Tel: +56-61-207181

Paes Leme, N.

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)

Natal, Brasil

SUMMARY

The depletion of the polar ozone layer is one of the strongest anthropogenic signals in the Earth system. Subpolar regions in the southern part of South America are affected by this phenomenon, covered sometimes by air masses with less ozone than normal with the corresponding UV enhancements at ground surface. Motivated by these atmospheric events, Argentina and Chile with the financial support of JICA has joined scientific efforts to develop UVO3 Patagonia project. It has as main objectives monitoring ozone and UV radiation in Southern Patagonia. The Ozone and RUV laboratory (Chile) and the Lidar Division of CEILAP (Argentina) are the execute laboratories of this project. The Observatorio Atmosférico de la Patagonia Austral (Atmospheric Observatory of Southern Patagonia) is located in South Patagonia (51º 55’S, 69º 14’W), in subpolar region and it is a convenient monitoring site of the atmosphere in the Southern Hemisphere. In this experimental site is operative a differential absorption lidar instrument (DIAL) for the measurement of ozone vertical distribution. This instrument belongs of Network Data for Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). The altitude range of the ozone measurement is 14-45 km, which provides the opportunity to monitor the perturbations due to the passage of stratospheric polar air over Río Gallegos. Systematic stratospheric ozone profile measurement has been carried on in this experimental site since 2005. We identified three mayor perturbation of ozone hole over the stratospheric ozone profile in Río Gallegos. Approach of polar vortex during late winter, overpass of ozone hole in middle spring and dilution process during late spring change the shape and content of stratospheric ozone profile and by consequences the solar UV. Solar surface irradiance and total ozone content were measured with a Brewer spectraphotometer and moderate narrow band radiometer GUV-541 deployed in the Río Gallegos experimental site. Depleted ozone columns were measured during ozone hole overpass, and the analysis of unique extreme ozone depletion event in November 2009 is reported and compared with Multisensor Data Reanalysis of TOMS/OMI satellite data.

Key words: Lidar, Ozone, UV radiation, Polar Vortex

INTRODUCTION

Now a day we have strong evidence that human activities link to industrialized process have perturbed the natural balance of atmosphere composition (WMO, 2011). This fact has produced global scale issues like ozone depletion around the globe. The stronger manifestation of this phenomenon is the Antarctic ozone depletion today well known as ozone hole (Farman, 1985). Subpolar regions as the Patagonia in Argentina and Chile, in the southern part of South America are affected by this phenomenon covered sometimes by air masses with less ozone than normal with the corresponding UV enhancements at ground surface.

During the past twenty years, this phenomenon has varied in size and with respect to the minimum total ozone value within the Polar Regions. Dynamical processes into the stratosphere cause changes in the size and shape of the polar vortex, which

Motivated by these atmospheric events, Argentine, Chilean Japanese and French researchers cooperated to conduct atmospheric studies using remote sensing instrument. These instruments were installed in the Observatorio Atmosférico de la Patagonia Austral, OAPA, (Atmospheric Observatory of Southern Patagonia). In this work, we made a brief introduction to the measurement techniques of ozone and UV radiation held in this remote sensing site, and present, as example, same typical measurement.

METHOD AND RESULTS

Site description

The Observatorio Atmosférico de la Patagonia Austral, OAPA, (Atmospheric Observatory of Southern Patagonia) is part of Lidar Division of CEILAP (CITEDEF-CONICET). It is located in Río Gallegos city in South Patagonia (51º 55’S, 69º 14’W). Since June 2005, a shelter with several lidar instruments developed in collaboration with Service d’Aéronomie (CNRS) was deployed in this Patagonian city, 2600 km far away from Buenos Aires. During 2005 and 2007, with the financial support of JICA (Japanese International Cooperation Agency), was held the SOLAR campaign (www.division-lidar.com.ar) (Wolfram, et al., 2006). The principal objective of this campaign was study the ozone layer when the polar vortex crosses over the continental part of Argentina, in South America.

After SOLAR campaign, different projects were developed with financial support of JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) in partnership with researchers from Chile, France and Japan. The main objectives of these projects are focused in the observation of atmospheric parameter with lidar remote sensing techniques, specially the measurement of stratospheric ozone profiles using differential absorption lidar technique. Río Gallegos is located in the surf zone of polar vortex, making very interesting place to observe the evolution and perturbation that ozone hole produces on the stratospheric ozone profile.

The OAPA has currently different instrument devoted with the observation of gases (O3 and NO2) and particles (i.e aerosols) in the atmosphere, as much as the solar radiation (UV and visible). Several kinds of techniques are used to monitor ozone, like differential absorption lidar (DIAL) for determination of stratospheric ozone profiles and different radiometers, as SAOZ and Brewer for total ozone column measurements. In this paper we only focused in DIAL ozone products and solar UV index measured with GUV radiometer.

DIAL Instrument

The DIAL technique is a well-established technique for the ozone profile measurement, as is demonstrated by the large number of publications about the subject. The DIAL technique uses XeCl excimer laser emission at 308 nm for absorbed wavelength and the 355 nm third harmonic radiation of Nd-YAG laser for the reference wavelength. Both laser pulses are sending sequentially to the atmosphere. Six channels are used for the signal acquisition, four of them for the detection of elastically backscattered signal of the emitted wavelengths (high energy mode for the higher altitude ranges, attenuated energy for the lower ranges) and two corresponding to the first Stokes nitrogen Raman of the emitted wavelengths. The optical receiving system consists of four parabolic telescopes (f/2) 50 cm diameter. Four quartz optical fibers are placed at the focal points of the telescopes and come together vertically to form the entrance slit of the spectrometer. These transmit the backscatter radiation from the atmosphere to an optical analyzer device, which includes optics for image formation, a chopper to prevent the saturation of the photomultipliers and a spectrometer designed to separate/split the different wavelengths to be detected. A fundamental part of the spectrometer is a Jobin Yvon holographic grating with 3600 lines per millimeter characterized by 40% efficiency in the 150-450 nm spectral range. It separates 5 wavelengths, 4

of which are used for obtaining ozone profiles and the combination of the fifth wavelength (347 nm) with one of the previous ones (332 nm) for obtaining profiles of water vapor in the troposphere. A full description of this DIAL system can be found in Wolfram et al (2008).

The multi-channel moderate-bandwidth GUV-541 have proven to be an acceptable solution for monitoring solar UV irradiance, between UV spectroradiometer very expensive and high maintenance, and broadband radiometers that provide only partial information because they cannot distinguish between changes in UV radiation caused by alterations in cloud cover and variations caused by changes in ozone amount. GUV filter radiometers, designed and manufactured by Biospherical Instruments Inc. The instruments provide measurements in five approximately 10 nm wide UV bands centered at 305, 313, 320, 340, and 380 nm.

The synergy of UV irradiance measured with this instrument and radiative transfer model permits to obtain UV related products, like UV index or erythemal irradiance, and cloud optical depth, between other. In this work we present UV index measurement derived from GUV radiometer.

Measurements

The ozone observation with lidar in OAPA are conducted within two different measurements protocols: an intensive period between August and November each year, (later winter - spring time at South Hemisphere), and routine measurement period for the rest of the year. During intensive measurement period which is coincident with the ozone hole development, the stratospheric ozone layer is monitored during 4 hours average time each available clear night.

Total ozone column in Río Gallegos follows a seasonal variation over the year with minimum values around autumn (March-April) and maximum values during spring (September-October). Over this annual variability total ozone column presents great day to day variation. These rapid changes are caused by the approximation and overpass on Río Gallegos of polar air masses that air isolated from middle latitude air by polar vortex.

The fluctuations on total ozone column are clearly appreciated in Figure 1, where total ozone column measured by OMI/AURA instrument (blue line) are plotted from 2005 to 2009. White line is the climatologic monthly mean ozone column using multi sensor reanalysis (MSR) total ozone column from 1987- 2008 time period.

Figure 1. Time evolution of total ozone column over OAPA measured with OMI/NASA instrument (Blue Line). White line is the climatologic monthly mean ozone column using multisensor reanalysis (MSR) total ozone column from 1987- 2008 time period. Gray shadow área corresponds to +/- 1 standard deviation.

Stratospheric ozone profiles are measured with a Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL). This instrument belongs to NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change). Since 2005 this instrument has been monitoring ozone profiles in the stratosphere. Extreme ozone depletion has been measured as consequence of ozone hole passing over. Also, vortex dilution processes were measured in late spring-early summer.

Figure 2. DIAL ozone profile on November 14, 2009. Blue line is the ozone number density (cm-3) (left panel, blue line) and ozone volume mixing ratio (ppmv) (right panel, red circles). For comparison of vertical ozone profile shape change, November climatologic Fortuin & Kelder ozone profile is included (black line).

These events produce strong impact in the solar UV radiation that reach ground surface (UVI). UVI is measured with different radiometers and Brewer spectra photometer (SN 124) of INPE. Particularly on November 15 the UV index reach values as high as 13 despite the cloud cover present in Río Gallegos for this day. It produces an extreme solar sunbathing.

Figure 3. Time evolution of UV Index in Río Gallegos on November 15, 2009. The measurements were obtained with a GUV 541 and they are plotted in blue line. November monthly mean of UVI is showed in white line and the shadow grey area correspond to +/- 1SD. Modeled UVI for Nov. 15 is showed in dotted black line.

CONCLUSIONS

The OAPA is an atmospheric laboratory that performs several kinds of atmospheric measurements in Río Gallegos, Southern Partagonia. Since June 2005 stratospheric ozone profiles and solar UV radiation have been measured between other atmospheric parameters. In this paper we reported one example of differential absorption lidar measurement of stratosphere ozone number density in the 15 - 45 km range for a situation of ozone anomaly. Ozone hole overpass and vortex dilution are identified as examples of reduction and change in stratospheric ozone profiles. Also an extreme solar sunbathing occurred on November 2009 is reported. We identified three mayor perturbation of ozone hole over the stratospheric ozone profile in Río Gallegos. Approach of polar vortex during late winter, overpass of ozone hole in middle spring and dilution process during late spring change the shape and content of stratospheric ozone profile and by consequences the solar UV radiation that reach the surface.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) by financial support of UVO3 Patagonia Project; the CNRS in France for their collaboration in facilitating the shelter and part of the electronic instruments of DIAL.

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