Assessment of the presence of heavy metals, as for an inventory on
garlic, onion and in semiurban soils of Arequipa, Peru
Evaluación de la presencia de metales pesados, como para un inventario
en ajo, cebolla y suelos semiurbanos de Arequipa, Perú
]]> Betty Paredes de Gómez1, Paul K. Huanca Z.2,*, Erika Salas-Arias3, H. Saúl Pérez-Montaño3
Abstract
The objective of this study is the evaluation of the accumulation of heavy elements, namely Pb, Cr, Cd, TI, Cu, Co in garlic, onion and soil of semi-rural soils and its potential effect on the health of the population of the city of Arequipa. The results showed concentrations below the permissible limits for all of them in garlic, onion and soils in accordance with international standards, showing that the accumulation of heavy metáis in the soil does not exceed the limits according to international standards.
Keywords: Heavy metáis, Garlic, Onion, Soils accumulation, ICP-MS.
El objetivo de este estudio es la evaluación de la acumulación de elementos pesados, Pb, Cr, Cd, TI, Cu, Co en ajo, cebolla y suelo de suelos semirurales y su efecto potencial en la salud de la población de la ciudad de Arequipa. Los resultados mostraron concentraciones por debajo de los límites permisibles para todos ellos en ajo, cebolla y suelos de acuerdo con los estándares internacionales demostrando que la acumulación de metales pesados en el suelo no supera los límites según los estándares internacionales.
Palabras clave: Metales pesados, Ajo, Cebolla, Acumulación de suelos, ICP-MS.
INTRODUCTION
Contamination of agriculture soils by the long-term accumulation of different transitions element is considérate of the great importance around the world [1]. The ecotoxicity and persistence of heavy metáis and metalloids through natural and anthropogenic contributions on agriculture soils is very important and has been attracted the attention of the global science community [2]. Heavy metáis are defined as an inorganic chemical hazard, the most common are: lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg) and nickel (Ni) [3,4]. Natural inventory of the heavy metáis is inherited from parent rocks. Anthropogenic activities are sources that heavily influenced the nature inventory. These include coal combustión, traffic emissions, industrial activities, mining operations, and agriculture activities [1,5]. It is trae that the anthropogenic contribution exceeds sometimes the natural contribution due to the crescent urban and industrial rising in the last decades.
Understanding the spatial distribution and accumulation of heavy elements is critical. It will help to evalúate the complex and different mechanism of transition of elements from soils to vegetáis, their mobility and bioavailability, leaching losses, uptake for plants and their influence on human health by ingesting grazing livestock meat [2,3]. Quantify the number of heavy metáis is essential. Their input and output on agriculture soils would provide information of the source apportionment and créate an inventory about the source of heavy elements to agricultural soils, atmospheric depositions, fertilizer application, organic and inorganic waste disposal and the contribution of the industry and human activity, helping to diagnose the current situation of heavy metáis on agriculture soils [6]. Worldwide concern about the crescent inventory of heavy metáis have shown the importance to keep an update record it started in 1974 in Netherlands [7]. Since then, European nations have been performed periodical research, for example, France and Germany [8], in United States of America and lately China [9,10].
An inventory of the presence of the heavy elements is significant because it indicates the accumulation or depletion of the different elements in specific geographical áreas, ecosystems, and provide a valuable knowledge base to improve the management and recommendation about norms and policies to regúlate the anthropogenic sources [10]. Leclerc and Laurel published new global scale inventory for the period 2000-2014, indicating the accumulation of heavy metáis on agricultural soils in 2017 [11]. However, the total reléase of the harmral heavy chemicals and their quantification result from the specific studies and for specific cases, and the data cannot be extrapolated for specific geographic locations because of several parameters that will affect the results of the analysis.
In this study, our team will aim to (1) Develop a framework to quantify the presence of heavy metáis on livestock and agriculture soil in the urban región of Arequipa- Pera. (2) Contribute to creating a national inventory regionally and for the world. (3) Quantify the impact of heavy metáis on livestock and their potential harm to human health.
]]>EXPERIMENTAL
Data collection and materials
Our study evaluated the accumulation of heavy metáis in livestock and soils in the urban región of Arequipa. The study was performed in the summer of 2016, the soil (onions and garlic) and livestock were collected from three places Tiabaya 71.631669 West; 16.426431 South Sachaca 71.562181 West; 16.424828 South and Uchumayo 71.631669 West; 16.426431 South. Soil samples were collected randomly and chemically analyzed by triplícate.
Livestock samples were collected, carefully cleaned, cut, and dried using a lyophilization; the chemical analyzed was performed by triplicated as well.
Heavy metáis concentration on the soil and livestock were measured digesting the samples in nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide at 150°C using digestor into a microwave oven. The samples with this treatment were diluted and measured with ICP-MS. For quality control, an internal control (Spinach NBS 1570 and Sea Lettuce BCR 279) were run in parallel to the livestock and soil samples.
The following seven heavy metáis considérate as a priority pollutant element by the USEPA (United State Environmental Protection Agency) have been identified in this study as: chromium, copper, nickel, cobalt, lead, cadmium, and thallium.
RESULTS
Soils are an essential reservoir of chemical elements and a living matrix for compounds in their different states of the matter. Chemical analysis of the agriculture áreas, plants, and soils show essential information about the inventory data for heavy metal in the Arequipa región.
]]> Heavy metal concentration was determined using the weight of fresh vegetables and after drying. We used the following equation to calcúlate the concentration.
Where:
X = Percentage loss of water after dry
Y = Percentage of residual water
Cp.d. = Concentration mg/kg of the sample dry weight.
Cp.f. = Concentration mg/kg of the sample fresh weight
Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis was performed evaluating the distribution t- Student, calculating the confidence intervals of the concentration average of the heavy metáis with 98% of confidence. Results are shown in table 1 and 2 for the distribution of heavy metáis on onion and garlic respectively on Tiabaya, Sachaca and Uchumayo semirural places of Arequipa Pera.
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DISCUSSION
Trace elements in livestock and soil
Chromium
The mean contení of chromium in onion for Sachaca and Tiabaya was 0.095 mg/kg and 0.176 mg/kg respectively, in the case of garlic for Tiabaya was 0.484 mg/kg and Uchumayo 0.58 mg/kg. The contení of chromium in soil was 39.41 mg/kg on average; this result is between the average valué for the background concentration of chromium on Europe'soils report that signáis limits of 5 to 65 mg/kg [12,13]. The presence of Cr(VI) reported in Plants (Alyssum obovatum, Cochlearia árctica (Brassicaceae), Armería scabra (Limoniaceae), Salix árctica (Salicaceae) showed valúes from 0.09-0.59 mg/kg [14]. Our research didw not target the presence of different ionic species of chromium, the samples essayed indicated that onion from Sachaca had valúes between the limits reported by Panichev et al [14]. However, samples from Tiabaya onion and garlic and Uchumayo garlic showed the highest valué compared with onion from Sachaca. The highest valué found in the garlic sample in Tiabaya had cióse valúes found in the same species reported by Sakizadeh et al. 2018 [15]. The daily amount of chromium intake per day in our diet according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is 57.3-83.8 ug/kg and for the World Health Organization (WHO) is 47ug/kg[l,16].
Lead
The concentration of lead in onion samples shown valúes of 0.037 mg/kg and 0.156 mg/kg for Sachaca and Tiabaya, whilst garlic showed 0.189 mg/kg for Tiabaya and 0.15 for Uchumayo. The determined contení of lead on the soil was 10.99 mg/kg. The limit permissible for lead in soils according to the World Health Organization (WHO) is 50 mg/kg. The amount on the lead registered on garlic was 0.21 mg/kg reported for Sakizadeh et al. 2018 [15]. Our data show that the concentration of lead is low, besides onion sarnple from Sachaca that show the lowest content on lead, the other samples show very cióse valúes. Cai Li et al [17], report that vegetable on China depending on its kind allows between 0.3 to 0.1 mg/kg. According to the FAO/WHO the máximum intake for lead is 25 ug/kg body weight per week [18].
Cadmium
]]> Similarly, the concentration of cadmium ranged from 0.014 to 0.1 mg/kg in garlic and onion, in comparison, Sakizadet et al., 2018 [15] reported cadmium in fresh vegetables with an average valué of O.Olmg/kg and Xinyu Li et al 2018 [19] reported 0.21 mg/kg on the edible part of vegetables cultivated on contaminated áreas but 0.05 mg/kg on vegetable cultivated on controlled soils. The valúes of Sachaca, Tiabaya for onion showed very cióse valúes, 0.01 and 0.014 mg/kg respectively. The valué of the amount of cadmium of garlic from Tiabaya was similar to the content in onions. However, the average valué on Uchumayo had shown one magnitude higher on Garlic 0.1 mg/kg. The mean concentration of cadmium on soil was determined as less than 1 mg/kg and it's below to the valué recommended for the WHO/ FAO that is 3 mg/kg. The daily amount of cadmium consumed recommended by the USEPA2009 is lug/kg/day [18].Thallium
The average contení of thallium in onions from Tiabaya and Sachaca is 0.0008 and 0.0001 mg/k, respectively. The contení in Garlic showed differences between samples from Tiabaya 0.00047 mg /kg and Uchumayo with 0.002 mg/kg. Huang Yun Yu et al. 2018 [20], reported the average contení of thallium as 0.051 mg/kg and for cabbage from 0.01 to 0.06 mg/kg. These valúes corresponded to samples coming from farmlands cióse to mining and industrial activities. Our data indicated that there is no contamination in onion and garlic with thallium, in accordance to the Germán and Chínese guide food for thallium that indicated the permissible limit as 0.05mg/kg. The content of thallium on soils according to the Canadian and Swiss regulations [21] is lmg/kg; our data showed that the concentration of thallium is less than 1 mg/kg. The daily amount recommended for consumption is 0.00001 mg/kg/perday [18].
Nickel
The content of nickel in onions in Tiabaya and Sachaca showed valúes of 0.034 and 0.011 mg/kg respectively. Valúes found on garlic were 0.0028 and 0.007 mg/kg for Tiabaya and Uchumayo, respectively. The concentration of nickel in plant cells was reported to be in the rank 0.5 to 5 mg/kg [22], the concentration in onions and garlic showed that the concentration is below the limits for nickel with valúes from 0.007 and 0.034 mg/kg. The permissible limit for Nickel on soils according to WHO is 50mg/kg. The average content of nickel in the soil in the present study was 11.38 mg/kg. The recommended daily amount of consumption of nickel is 0.02mg/kg/per day [18].
Copper
The average concentration of copper in onions from Tiabaya en Sachaca were 0.302 and 0.432 mg/kg, the concentration of copper in garlic was higher, samples from Tiabaya en Uchumayo showed 1.259 and 1.03 mg/kg. Copper concentration on livestock has been reported with ranges between 1.75 to 9.26 mg/kg [23,24], the máximum permissible amount of copper in vegetable is 50 mg/kg [25]. The content of copper in onion and garlic are below the permitted limits. In the case of the soil, the máximum amount of copper is 1 OOmg/kg according to the WHO [18]. Our sample had a valué of 34.5945 mg/kg, indicating that there is no contamination with copper. The amount of copper for human ingestión is 0.04 mg/kg/per day [18].
Cobalt
The concentration of cobalt in onions ranged from 0.008 mg/k to no detected for samples of Sachaca and Tiabaya. In the case of garlic, the valúes varied from 0.0028 and 0.003 mg/kg for Tiabaya and Uchumayo. Amin et al. 2013 [26], reported that the concentration of cobalt in onion and garlic in contaminated áreas were of 0.03 to 0.06 mg/kg and 0.01 to lmg/kg. Khan et al. 2008 [27] and Chekri et al. 2019 [28] reported the presence of cobalt in toddler food with valúes between 0.7 to 8.6 ug/kg similar to the valúes of Meló et al., 2008 [29]. The concentration of the analyzed soil sample fall between the results reported by the literatee. The content of cobalt in the examined soil was 9.3 mg/kg which is below the máximum amount according to USEPA or 80mg/kg. The daily intake of cobalt is 0.0003 mg/kg per day [18].
]]> CONCLUSIONS
The presence of seven heavy inorganic elements Pb, Cr, Cd, TI, Ni, Cu, and Co was assessed on garlic, onion and soils from semiurban áreas of Arequipa city. The concentration of these elements were all between the limits for vegetables and soils according to the international standards. The concentration of the heavy elements in the vegetables does not show potential harm to the health of the population, and the same condition can be expressed for the evaluated soils samples. The results indicated that the presence of heavy metáis in vegetables and soils are low. However, the accumulation, physical and chemical behavior of the soils, and the identification of the sources still remains a pending task.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors want to thank Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa for their financial support of the project contract N° 05-2017-UNSA.
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