<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2518-4431</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigación & Desarrollo]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Inv. y Des.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2518-4431</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA BOLIVIANA]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2518-44312025000100119</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23881/idupbo.025.1-10i</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[CARACTERIZACIÓN HIDROGEOQUÍMICA E ÍNDICE DE CALIDAD DEL AGUA SUBTERRÁNEA EN EL VALLE BAJO DE COCHABAMBA, BOLIVIA]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY INDEX IN THE LOWER VALLEY OF COCHABAMBA, BOLIVIA]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Echeverría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivette]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mamani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Omar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saavedra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oliver]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Privada Boliviana (UPB) Centro de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental (CIICA) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cochabamba ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundación Aguatuya  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cochabamba ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>119</fpage>
<lpage>132</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2518-44312025000100119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2518-44312025000100119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2518-44312025000100119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN En este estudio se realizó una caracterización hidrogeoquímica de las aguas subterráneas del Valle Bajo de Cochabamba mediante análisis físico-químicos, interpretación de diagramas de Piper, estimación del Índice de Calidad del Agua (ICA) y evaluación de niveles estáticos. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los pozos presentan un balance iónico coherente. Según el índice ICA, la calidad del agua es mayormente muy buena o excelente; sin embargo, algunos pozos presentan turbiedad, sodio, sulfatos y cloruros que superan los valores máximos permisibles establecidos por la Norma Boliviana NB-512. Asimismo, se identificaron niveles de hierro entre 0,34 y 6,58 mg/L y de manganeso entre 0 y 0,50 mg/L, excediendo en todos los casos el límite normativo para hierro y en algunos casos el de manganeso. Considerando la hidroquímica, el 47 % de las muestras se clasifican como aguas bicarbonatadas cálcicas y/o magnésicas, típicas de zonas de recarga, mientras que el 35 % corresponde a aguas bicarbonatadas sódicas, asociadas a procesos de intercambio iónico. También se identificaron facies cloruradas y/o sulfatadas sódicas en pozos de zonas más bajas, reflejando una mayor evolución geoquímica o influencia antrópica. El análisis de niveles estáticos evidenció una dirección de flujo subterráneo predominante de norte a sur, lo que explica la acumulación de sales y metales en pozos terminales. Dadas las concentraciones elevadas de hierro y manganeso, se recomienda implementar procesos de tratamiento específicos y complementar este diagnóstico con estudios microbiológicos para evaluar la posible presencia de fuentes de contaminación antrópica. En resumen, los hallazgos resaltan la necesidad de una gestión integral y sostenible del recurso hídrico subterráneo en el Valle Bajo de Cochabamba.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT This study conducted a hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater in the Lower Valley of Cochabamba through physicochemical analysis, Piper diagram interpretation, estimation of the Water Quality Index (WQI), and evaluation of static water levels. The results show that most wells exhibit a coherent ionic balance. According to the WQI, water quality is generally rated as good or excellent; however, certain wells exceeded the maximum permissible values established by the Bolivian Standard NB-512 for drinking water, particularly in terms of turbidity, sodium, sulfates, and chlorides. Iron concentrations ranged from 0.34 to 6.58 mg/L and manganese from 0 to 0.50 mg/L, with all samples exceeding the regulatory limit for iron and some for manganese. From a hydrochemical perspective, 47% of the samples were classified as calcium and/or magnesium bicarbonate waters, typical of recharge zones with low geochemical evolution, while 35% corresponded to sodium bicarbonate waters, associated with cation exchange processes. Chloride and/or sulfate sodium-type facies were also identified in wells located in lower areas, reflecting more evolved geochemical conditions or anthropogenic influence. The analysis of static water levels revealed a predominant north-to-south groundwater flow direction, explaining the accumulation of salts and metals in terminal wells. Due to the elevated concentrations of iron and manganese, specific water treatment processes are recommended, along with complementary microbiological studies to assess potential sources of anthropogenic contamination. Overall, the findings highlight the need for integrated and sustainable groundwater resource management in the Lower Valley of Cochabamba.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Calidad del agua subterránea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hidrogeoquímica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Diagrama de Piper]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Índice de Calidad del Agua]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Groundwater quality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hydrochemistry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Piper diagram]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Water Quality Index]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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