<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2518-4431</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigación & Desarrollo]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Inv. y Des.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2518-4431</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA BOLIVIANA]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2518-44312023000100041</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23881/idupbo.023.1-3i</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[EVALUACIÓN COMPARATIVA DE LA GESTIÓN Y COSTOS EN SISTEMAS DESCENTRALIZADOS DE TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS RESIDUALES DOMÉSTICAS]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT AND COSTS IN DECENTRALIZED DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escalante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Valeria]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Echeverría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivette]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aliaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heredia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gustavo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escalera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ramiro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saavedra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oliver]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Privada Boliviana Centro de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental (CIICA) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Privada Boliviana Centro de Investigaciones en Procesos Industriales (CIPI) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundación Aguatuya  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cochabamba ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>41</fpage>
<lpage>56</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2518-44312023000100041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2518-44312023000100041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2518-44312023000100041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Se ha realizado una evaluación comparativa de los costos de tratamiento de aguas residuales en 6 diferentes plantas descentralizadas, ubicadas en las comunidades de Cliza, Ucureña, Tolata, Punata, Tarata y San Benito, en el Valle Alto de Cochabamba que atienden a poblaciones de tamaño intermedias (de 4 500 a 25 000 habitantes). Se estimaron los costos de inversión anualizados (CAPEX/Vida útil), el costo anualizado de operación (OPEX) y se describen las características de gestión y eficiencias de las plantas. Los resultados de los CAPEX/Vida útil para las PTARs de Cliza, Ucureña, Tolata, Punata, San Benito y Tarata fueron de 44 566; 34 603; 22 414; 97 194; 25 412 y 36 399 USD/año, respectivamente. Los OPEX para estas PTAR fueron de 21 613; 28 625; 16 720; 19 841; 19 404 y 19 766 USD/año, respectivamente. Los costos por metro cúbico oscilan entre 0,13 y 0,48 USD/m³. Se observó que un menor costo por volumen de agua tratada está relacionado con una menor eficiencia en el sistema de tratamiento. Por otra parte, se encontró que los bajos porcentajes de remoción de contaminantes se ven afectados por la falta de una adecuada operación y mantenimiento. Mayores deficiencias en la operación y mantenimiento se presentaron en las PTAR de Tarata y San Benito, gestionadas por el municipio. La PTAR de Punata, aunque es adecuadamente operada y mantenida, presenta eficiencias relativamente bajas limitadas por la tecnología. Las PTAR de Tolata, Ucureña y Cliza gestionadas por la Fundación Aguatuya bajo un programa de cooperación internacional mostraron mejores eficiencias de remoción.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT A comparative evaluation of the costs of wastewater treatment has been carried out in 6 different decentralized plants, located in the towns of Cliza, Ucureña, Tolata, Punata, Tarata and San Benito, in the Upper Valley of Cochabamba that serve populations of intermediate size (from 4 500 to 25 000 inhabitants). The annualized investment costs (CAPEX/useful life), the annualized cost of operation (OPEX) were estimated, and the management characteristics and efficiencies of the plants are described. The results of the CAPEX/useful life for the WWTPs of Cliza, Ucureña, Tolata, Punata, San Benito and Tarata were 44 566; 34 603; 22 414; 97 194; 25 412 and 36 399 USD/year, respectively. The OPEX for these WWTPs were 21 613; 28 625; 16 720; 19 841; 19 404 and 19 766 USD/year, respectively. Costs per cubic meter range from 0.13 to 0.48 USD/m³. It was observed that a lower cost per volume of treated water is related to a lower efficiency in the treatment system. On the other hand, it was found that the low percentages of contaminant removal are affected by the lack of proper operation and maintenance. Greater deficiencies in operation and maintenance occurred in the Tarata and San Benito WWTPs, managed by the municipality. The Punata WWTP, although it is adequately operated and maintained, presents relatively low efficiencies limited by technology. The Tolata, Ucureña and Cliza WWTPs managed by the Aguatuya Foundation under an international cooperation program showed better removal efficiencies.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Aguas Residuales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Costo Anual Equivalente]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Eficiencia de Tratamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Costos de Inversión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Costos de Operación y Mantenimiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Wastewater]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Annual Equivalent Cost]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Treatment Efficiency]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Investment Costs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Operation and Maintenance Costs]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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