<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2077-3323</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Ciencia y Cultura]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cien Cult]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2077-3323</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Católica Boliviana]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2077-33232022000100097</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Municipios de Santa Cruz en el periodo de la Participación Popular. ¿Convergencia o divergencia?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Municipalities of Santa Cruz during the Participación Popular. Convergence or divergence?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montero Kuscevic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Casto Martín]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chalup Calmotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel Sebastiano]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,International Business School Suzhou Department of Economics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Suzhou ]]></addr-line>
<country>China</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales Ingeniería Económica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santa Cruz de la Sierra ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bolivia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>48</numero>
<fpage>97</fpage>
<lpage>116</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2077-33232022000100097&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2077-33232022000100097&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2077-33232022000100097&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: La teoría de la convergencia beta sugiere que las regiones pobres tenderán a crecer a tasas más altas que las regiones ricas, por lo que eventualmente la brecha entre ambas debería reducirse. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el fenómeno de convergencia para los municipios de Santa Cruz durante el periodo 1992-2012, que coincide con el de aplicación de la ley de Participación Popular, usando el Índice de Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas como variable "proxy" para pobreza. Nuestras estimaciones muestran que el proceso de convergencia es más bien ínfimo y estadísticamente no significativo. Esta aparente contradicción entre la teoría y la evidencia empírica puede ser explicada cuando se examinan los subperiodos de análisis. Nuestros resultados se muestran robustos a distintas especificaciones.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Beta convergence theory suggests that poor regions tend to growth at a faster rate than wealthy regions, meaning that, eventually, poor regions will catch-up. This paper analyzes convergence for the municipalities of Santa Cruz over the period 1992-2012, that coincides with the enactment of the Law of Participacion Popular, using the Unsatisfied Basic Needs index as a proxy for poverty. We find a rather weak and nonsignificant convergence coefficient. This seemingly contradiction betwen the theory and the empirics is explained when we delved into the subperiods of analysis. Our results are robust to diferent specifications.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Convergencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Economía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Descentralización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Bolivia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Convergence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Economics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Descentralization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bolivia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arbia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Giuseppe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Spatial econometrics: statistical foundations and applications to convergence]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer Science &amp; Business Media]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bajpai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nirupam]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jeffrey D.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sachs]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA["Trends in inter-state inequalities of income in India]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Harvard Institute for International Development, Development Discussion Paper]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<numero>528</numero>
<issue>528</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Candelaria]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Esther]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. Ángeles]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Convergence clubs in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Economics Letters]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>16-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic growth in a cross section of countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Quarterly Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>106</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>407-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sala-i-Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Xavier]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Convergence".Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>100</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>223-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baumol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare: what the long-run data show]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1072-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caballero Claure]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benigno]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caballero Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rolando]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sigma convergencia, convergencia beta y condicional en Bolivia, 1990-2011]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía Coyuntural]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>25-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Darlauf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Multiple regimes and cross-country growth behavior]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Econometrics]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>365-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chalup]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alarcón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Política fiscal durante la crisis del COVID-19 en Bolivia: implicaciones macroeconómicas a nivel departamental]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<page-range>7-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernándes Serra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pazmino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennett Sutton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Genevieve Lindow]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gustavo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Regional Convergence in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo Monetario Internacional]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nicolás]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adriana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marina]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sotelsek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crecimiento y convergencia. Un ejercicio empírico sobre las regiones españolas y las provincias argentinas (1970-1995)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anales de la Asociación Argentina de Economía Política]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Islam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nazrul]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Growth empirics: a panel data approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Quarterly Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>110</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1127-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lehmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hartmut]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oshchepkov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aleksey Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silvagni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regional convergence in Russia: estimating a neoclassical growth model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IZA Discussion Papers]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<numero>13039</numero>
<issue>13039</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez-Guerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Heterogeneous Growth and Regional (Di)Convergence in Bolivia: A Distribution Dynamics Approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía Coyuntural]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>81-108</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez-Guerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Convergencia beta, sigma y distribucional en desarrollo humano? Evidencia de las regiones metropolitanas de Bolivia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Económico]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<numero>30</numero>
<issue>30</issue>
<page-range>87-115</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza-Velázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfonso]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[German-Soto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vicente]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monfort]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mercedes]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ordoñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Club convergence and inter-regional inequality in Mexico, 1940-2015]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Economics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>598-608</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montero Kuscevic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. Martín]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inversión pública en Bolivia y su incidencia en el crecimiento económico: un análisis desde la perspectiva espacial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Análisis del BCB]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>31-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montero Kuscevic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. Martín]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Río]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco Antonio del]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Convergencia en Bolivia: un enfoque espacial con datos de panel dinámicos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Economía del Rosario]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>233-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La experiencia populista de los años ochenta]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Económico]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>31-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sachs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeffrey]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La crisis económica en Bolivia]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[La Paz ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Católica Boliviana. Instituto de Investigaciones Socio-Económicas (IISEC)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Gámez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Liz I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabrera-Pereyra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Convergencia económica entre municipios mexicanos: un enfoque de parámetros locales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ensayos. Revista de Economía]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>143-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sala-i-Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Xavier X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regional cohesion: evidence and theories of regional growth and convergence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1325-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siriopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Costas]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Asteriou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dimitrios]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Testing for convergence across the Greek regions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Regional Studies]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>537-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A contribution to the theory of economic growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Quarterly Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>1956</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>65-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Record]]></source>
<year>1956</year>
<numero>32</numero>
<issue>32</issue>
<page-range>334-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Xu]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Xiaoheng]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yingheng]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Xiaohua]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regional income inequality in China revisited: A perspective from club convergence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Modelling]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<numero>56</numero>
<issue>56</issue>
<page-range>50-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
