Prevalence of hydatidosis in bovine livers and economic losses in the municipal bed of the city of Puyo-Ecuador

Núñez-Torres, Oscar Patricio; Chávez-Vargas, Andrés Fernando

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Journal of the Selva Andina Animal Science

versão impressa ISSN 2311-2581

J.Selva Andina Anim. Sci. vol.7 no.2 La Paz 2020

https://doi.org/10.36610/j.jsaas.2020.070200072x

Short Communication

Prevalencia de la hidatidosis en hígados bovinos y pérdidas económicas en el camal municipal de la ciudad de Puyo-Ecuador

Prevalence of hydatidosis in bovine livers and economic losses in the municipal bed of the city of Puyo-Ecuador

Núñez-Torres Oscar Patricio^*, Chávez-Vargas Andrés Fernando

Faculty of agricultural sciences. Technical University of Ambato. Cantón Cevallos. Tungurahua, Ecuador. P.O. Box: 18-01-334. Telf: +593 032746151 - 032746171

*Contact address: Faculty of agricultural sciences. Technical University of Ambato. Canton Cevallos. Tungurahua, Ecuador. P.O. Box: 18-01-334. Telf: +593 032746151 - 032746171

Oscar Patricio Núñez-Torres
E-mail address: op.nunez@uta.edu.ec

Record from the article.
Received February 2020.
Returned May 2020.
Accepted August 2020.
Available online, October 2020.

ID of article: 071/JSAAS/2020

J. Selva Andina Anim. Sci. 2020; 7(2):72-80.

Resumen

El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de hidatidosis en hígado de bovinos faenados en el camal municipal de la ciudad de Puyo, provincia de Pastaza. El estudio consistió en la inspección post-morten de las vísceras, hígados, de todos los bovinos. Para evaluar el ensayo se utilizó la estadística descriptiva e inferencial, mediante cuadros con porcentajes, gráficos, promedios, coeficiente de variación (CV) desviación estándar y utilizando la prueba del Chi-cuadrado. En promedio se obtuvo un peso de 13.57 lb de hígados decomisados con una desviación estándar de 11.67 y un coeficiente de variación de 85.99%. Existiendo una variabilidad en los datos esto se debe a la baja frecuencia de ocurrencia de la enfermedad en los bovinos faenados, de 0.05 y 7 grados libertad se tiene un valor referencial de x²t (tabulado) = 14.06. Los hígados examinados durante la inspección post mortem, en las ocho semanas de control fue de 108.6 lb, con una media de 12 libras por hígado, las pérdidas económicas, en los hígados decomisados contabilizados en su totalidad es de USD 217.20, con una media de 24.13 USD por cada hígado contaminado.

Palabras clave: Decomisar, Inspección, post-mortem, quiste, vísceras.

Abstract

The objective of the investigation was to determine the prevalence of hydatidosis in the liver of cattle slaughtered in the municipal bed of the city of Puyo, Pastaza province. The study consisted of post-morten inspection of the viscera, livers, of all cattle. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to evaluate the trial, using tables with percentages, graphs, averages, coefficient of variation (CV), standard deviation and using the Chi-square test. On average, a weight of 13.57 lbs. Of seized livers was obtained with a standard deviation of 11.67 and a coefficient of variation of 85.99%. There is variability in the data, this is due to the low frequency of occurrence of the disease in slaughtered cattle, of 0.05 and 7 degrees freedom, a referential value of x2t (tabulated) = 14.06. The livers examined during the post mortem inspection, in the eight weeks of control was 108.6 lb., with an average of 12 pounds per liver, the economic losses, in the total confiscated livers accounted for USD 217.20, with an average of USD 24.13 for each liver contaminated.

Keywords: Decomize, Inspection, post-mortem, cyst, viscera.

Introduction

Hydatidosis is a parasitosis that affects different domestic and wild species, in which cattle and pigs are the most prone, causing losses in production, reducing the production of meat and milk, affecting growth, and inducing the seizure of the organs in postmortem inspection. Vera et al.¹ pointed out that the echinococcal gallbladder was filled with a fluid that, when ruptured, emptied into the abdominal cavity, which could cause sudden death. Galen pointed out that the preferred seat of the echinococcus was the liver. Pallas recognized the animal nature of the echinococcal vesicle and its motivation for ribbon worms. While the echinococcal gallbladder was already known in the larval stage by ancient doctors, the cestode and the eggs were discovered.

The disease is caused by the development of larvae of various species of Echinococcus spp., Such as E. granulosus, which is transmitted through food contaminated with the eggs of these parasites or by contact with dogs affected by the disease².

The sample size was obtained through the formula described by, Choque³, which mentions that taking into account a 95% confidence interval and a 5% error level. The sampling was carried out on ordinary days from Monday to Saturday with an average of 10 slaughtered animals per day, the origin, breed, sex, and age being recorded in a clinical file. A macroscopic examination of the liver, lungs, and others was carried out at the time of evisceration. The results obtained were subjected to the analysis through the statistical test of Chi-square, there was no statistically significant difference between the observed frequencies, and the expected frequencies, except for the origin (by department, and provinces), so it is deduced that the age, race, and sex are not predisposing factors for the presence of this zoonotic parasitic disease³. Based on this classification and given the lack of uniform criteria in the management of this disease in the country, the Aysén region workgroup decided to propose a management integral of this zoonosis, which was accepted and published as standards by the Ministry of Health in January 2016⁴.

In studies carried out in the city of Potosí, in the municipal slaughterhouse, 1240 bovines were observed, which arrived at this place of slaughter, in the first place data was obtained from the owners and data from the animals destined for slaughter. After the demolition of each bovine in the sector destined to giblets, the macroscopic post-mortem diagnosis was made and the information was collected in control cards to then be subjected to the Chi-square statistical test, the following results were obtained: the positivity of hydatidosis was 3.95 which means of 1240 observed samples 49 presented hydatic cysts (HC)⁵. Important data for knowing the disease, its distribution, evaluating control and eradication plans, evaluating new diagnostic and treatment techniques. There are two critical points in which the referred macroscopic diagnosis almost invariably fails those organs in which the metacestodes are present, but not macroscopically visible, and those that are seized for presenting lesions similar to hydatidosis but of different etiology⁶.

Hydatidosis is a parasitic disease caused by the juvenile form of helminths belonging to the genus Echinococcus spp., which affects several species of animals and man (zoonosis). The formation of vesicles with fluid under pressure in different organs of the body of the intermediate hosts makes this disease risky, important for animal and human health⁷. The content is the hydatic liquid that occupies the inside of the hydatid under pressure, it is clean like rock water and contains in suspension the hydatic sand (scolices, hooks, etc.) to be called HC it must be considered in addition to these elements own of the hydatid an outer wall: the adventitia formed by the reaction of the parasitized organ that tends to isolate the larva, like a foreign body, encysting it⁸. Humans constitute an accidental intermediate host, which is spread by ingesting parasite eggs directly or through food contaminated by poor hygiene habits⁹.

The life cycle when a definitive host carnivore (eg, a dog, fox, or wolf) ingests cysts, which then release larvae (protoscolices) in the small intestine where they develop into adult cestodes that, 25-80 days later in depending on the species and strain of Echinococcus spp., they in turn release eggs into the environment, which leads to the permanence of the zoonotic cycle of the parasitic disease¹⁰. The genus Echinococcus represents a group of very small cestodes (flatworms) and of great importance for public health. Of the tapeworms that affect man, it is the most common of all¹¹. The features of taxonomic interest that characterize it are, the adult measures 2 to 7 mm, and normally it has three or four proglottids. The rostellum has two rows of hooks that differ in shape and length from the hooks of the remaining species, they are arranged in the form of two concentric crowns. The ovary is shaped like a kidney; the irregularly alternating genital pores open in the posterior half of the mature and gravid proglottids. The gravid uterus has a well-developed diverticula¹².

The pathologies that show the pathogenic effects initially produced by the oncospheres and later by the metacestodes are variable depending on the intermediate host, the parasitized organs, the degree of infection, and even the virulence of the species and strains¹³. On the other hand, cysts can evolve towards the formation of an abscess due to infection of the gallbladder, either spontaneously due to a fissure of the wall or accidentally as a consequence of the puncture. They can also be caseified in the periphery between the cuticle and the inner face of the cyst. On the other hand, calcareous cysts contain precipitates in caseous magma^14,15, it shows that the HC grows rapidly within the target organ, causing symptoms dependent on three basic factors. The number of HC present in the same individual, the location of a said within said organ.

In domestic animals, hydatidosis is usually asymptomatic, or the symptoms are nonspecific despite massive lung and liver infections. In slaughter animals, the only notable thing is the decline in all productions, primarily with regard to the gain of muscle tissue and modification of the milk composition with a decrease in casein, lipids, or lactose and an increase in chlorides¹⁶. The lung and liver are the most affected organs. In the case of containing protoscolices inside them, the cysts are called fertile, if they do not have them, they are sterile. Only the presence of fertile cysts would enhance the transmission of the parasitic cycle. In cattle, the fertility of cysts can vary between 0.7 and 70%¹⁷. In goats, between 0 and 35.7%^18,19.

Ultrasound allows to establishing the stage of the cyst based on structural alterations that characterize the different evolutionary moments of the same and that are the basis of the proposed classifications. It is also used for the evolutionary follow-up of the treated persons and to guide the puncture during the puncture, aspiration, and injection, re-aspiration (PAIR) method, which consists of four puncture, aspiration, and injection and re-aspiration procedures²⁰.

Serological tests allow a specific diagnosis. These require the antigen/antibody reaction, which requires the host's immune response capacity and the contact of this immunocompetent system with antigens (fissure or rupture of the germ layer). They can be negative in lung cysts and in liver cysts in which the release of immunogens into the bloodstream has not occurred or due to the presence of antigen-antibody complexes²¹. They can also be caseified in the periphery between the cuticle and the inner face of the cyst. On the other hand, calcareous cysts contain precipitates in caseous magma²². In contrast, the lung, as it presents elastic characteristics, offers little resistance to the growth of the cyst, which determines a relatively rapid increase in size with the consequent appearance of clinical symptoms in a high percentage of cases¹⁴. Prevalence of macroscopic hydatidosis lesions during the 2002-2006 period in slaughterhouses in the province of Osorno, Chile. Percystic pneumonia may also occur in patients, secondary to compression of the lung parenchyma and percystic bronchi²³. Ultrasound allows to establishing the stage of the cyst based on structural alterations that characterize the different evolutionary moments of the cyst and that are the basis of the proposed classifications. The objective of the study was to determine by post-mortem inspection the prevalence of hydatidosis at the liver level of cattle slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse of the city of Puyo.

Materials and methods

The investigation was carried out in the municipal slaughterhouse of the city of Puyo, Pastaza province, in the El Recreo neighborhood, on the way to the Tarqui parish. The geographic coordinates 1° 00´´ and 2° 40´´ of South Longitude, and 75° 40´´ and 78° 10´´ of West Latitude, surface 29068 km², altitude between 300 and 1100 m, temperature between 18 and 33 ºC, warm humid tropical microclimate and annual precipitation 2000 and 4000 mm²⁴.

Location, it was in the El Recreo neighborhood, on the way to the Tarqui parish. A total of 274 livers of cattle slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse of Puyo were used. Animals that were on average (4 years) were taken, the total number of cattle that enter the Puyo Municipal slaughterhouse for slaughter on Monday and Wednesday, during the working hours between two in the morning until seven o'clock, middle of the morning. The total number of cattle slaughtered on Monday and Wednesday during the months of September and October 2013 was considered. The investigation was carried out with the livers of cattle slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse of Puyo, identifying the presence of hydatidosis. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to evaluate the trial, using tables with percentages, graphs, averages, coefficient of variation (CV), standard deviation, and hypothesis verification using the Chi-square test.

Once the identification of the contaminated livers was made, they were quantified including the weight of each one. To determine the incidence of the disease using statistical processes, the measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated: arithmetic means, mode, median, and standard deviation. In addition, he used a camera, knife, record sheet, among others. The operation of the slaughterhouse facilities begins with the reception process, the animals are received according to the documentation of the mobilization guide, the animals are identified, weighed, and placed in the pens, to comply with the sanitary prevention measures, and the inspection before mortem is one of them.

Results

Once the study to determine the incidence of liver cysts in cattle slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse of Puyo has been completed, the following is indicated from the results obtained. It can be seen that the total of the eight weeks of fieldwork, in the sixth week 30 livers were examined, which represents 11% of the total slaughtered cattle. In the fourth and fifth weeks, 32 livers were examined weekly, representing 24% of what was observed. In the first week, 33 livers were examined, representing 12%. In the seventh and eighth weeks, 36 livers were examined weekly, representing 26%, and with 13 and 14%, the second and third weeks were found with 13 and 14 livers examined respectively.

It is observed that a total of 274 livers examined during the eight weeks, the highest peaks are in the third and second week where 38 and 37 livers were examined respectively, while the lowest peak is seen in the sixth week with 30 livers. The average number of contaminated livers. In (table 1) the standard deviation of 2.86 and a coefficient of variation of 8%. A total of eight weeks of fieldwork is appreciated, the second and third week there are no contaminated livers, during four weeks a contaminated liver per week is detected, representing 44% of the sample.

Table 1 Descriptive statistical measures of the livers examined

On average, 34.25 livers were examined, a standard deviation of 2.86 and a coefficient of variation of 8%

In addition, it was detected that a total of 9 livers contaminated during the eight weeks, (figure 1) in the seventh week the highest peak was obtained where a seizure of 3 livers contaminated by HC was obtained, while the lowest peak was in weeks two and three where there were no contaminated livers. On average, a weight of 13.57 lb., of seized livers was obtained with a standard deviation of 11.67 and a coefficient of variation of 85.99%. The average economic losses (table 2) is $ 27.15 with a standard deviation of 23.34 and a coefficient of variation of 85.99%. In the percentages of both the coefficient of variation of the weight of contaminated livers, as well as the economic losses are higher than 20%, there is variability in the data, this is due to the low frequency of occurrence of the disease in slaughtered cattle.

Figure 1. Livers examined during the 8 weeks

On average, 34.25 livers were examined, a standard deviation of 2.86 and a coefficient of variation of 8%

Table 2 Descriptive statistical measures of weight in pounds and economic losses

On average, 34.25 livers were examined, with a minimum of 30 and a maximum of 38, a standard deviation of 2.86 and a coefficient of variation of 8%.

In (table 3) of 0.05 and 7 degrees of freedom there is a referential value of x2 t (tabulated)=14.06. With a significance level of 0.05 and 7 degrees of freedom, there is a reference value of x2t (tabulated)=14.06. Considering these data and after performing the mathematical calculation of the Chi-square, a value of 6.38 was obtained, which indicates that x2c (calculated) is less than x2t.

Table 3 Chi-square calculation measure (Weeks)

The total calculated x2 = With a significance level of 0.05 and 7 degrees of freedom, there is a referential value of x2t (tabulated) = 14.06. Considering these data and after performing the mathematical calculation of the Chi square, a value of 6.3821 was obtained, which indicates that x2c (calculated) is less than x2t

Discussion

During the research work within the slaughterhouse, a total of 9 positive bovines were obtained, that is, 3.29%, if we compare with the research carried out in Potosí, work carried out during the months of September, October and November of a total out of 1240 bovines, an incidence of 3.95% was detected in the municipal slaughterhouse of the city of Potosí²⁵, while our study carried out in the Camal Municipal de Puyo the total number of animals inspected was 274, developed during the months of September and October, due to various factors such as greater number of slaughtered animals, environmental characteristics of the year, type of management, type of terrain among others. On the other hand, an investigation carried out analyzed organ samples from 432 cattle from 13 establishments (6 from Neuquén and 7 from Chubut). 96 animals (22.2%) presented at least one lesion compatible with hydatidosis, 50% pulmonary, 4.2% hepatic, and 45.8% hepato-pulmonary²⁶. Cruzat et al.²⁷ also reported studies with a prevalence of findings compatible with hydatidosis in the 218 cattle evaluated of 12.4% (n=27). With a significance level (table 3) of 0.05 and 7 degrees of freedom, there is a referential value of x2 t (tabulated) = 14.06. Rau et al.²⁶ mention in their trial that the hydatid prevalence and of positive establishments and the confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated. 42 samples of HC content were taken and fertility was evaluated, variables associated with the presence of HC were studied. Prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% CI was calculated. Considering these data and after performing the mathematical calculation of the Chi-square, a value of 6.38 was obtained, which indicates that x2c (calculated) is less than x2t. Regarding the economic losses of seized livers, a total of $ 217.2 was obtained, a total of 217.2 dollars was obtained, corresponding to 108.6 pounds of livers. Coinciding with studies carried out over 11 months, the animals affected by differ significantly (p <0.001) between the slaughterhouses except the month of July, while the total losses due to seizures of affected livers showed significant differences (p <0.001) in all the months for the evaluated period²⁵.Hydatidosis in the livers of cattle slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse of the city of Puyo, were 9 positive cases that represents 3.29% of a total of 274 livers examined during the post-mortem inspection, in the eight weeks of investigation. The weight of livers contaminated by hydatidosis during the eight weeks of investigation was 108.6 pounds, with a mean of 12 pounds per liver. The economic losses in the seized livers were US $ 217.20, with an average of US $ 24.13 for each contaminated liver during the eight weeks of investigation.

Funding Source

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and thesis student.

Conflicts of interest

The investigation was carried out in the municipal slaughterhouse of the city of Puyo-Pastaza and does not present conflicts of interest. In addition, the present study has met the ethical standards for handling animals.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Technical University of Ambato, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, and the municipal slaughterhouse of the city of Puyo - Pastaza for the technical, scientific and logistical support provided to this research

Ethical aspects

The institutional ethics committee for the use of experimental animals was built under a regulation established within the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, whose members are teachers and students. In addition, the present study has met the ethical standards for handling animals in research work.

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Journal of the Selva Andina Animal Science (JSAAS) remains neutral regarding jurisdictional claims published on maps and institutional affiliations.

2. Budke CM, Deplazes P, Togerson PR. Global socioeconomic impact of cystic echinococcosis. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12(2):296-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1202.050499 [ Links ]

3. Choque M. Determinación de quistes hidatídicos en bovinos faenados en el Matadero Municipal de Tupiza. [tesis licenciatura]. Potosí: Universidad Autónoma Tomás Frías; 1998.

4. Pinto PP. Diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de la hidatidosis. Rev Chil Cir 2017;69(1):94-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rchic.2016.10.001 [ Links ]

5. Flores M. Prevalencia de hidatidosis en ganado bovino faenado en el Matadero Municipal de la ciudad de Potosí [tesis licenciatura]. Potosí: Universidad Autónoma Tomás Frías; 2012.

12. Guarnera EA, editor. Hidatidosis en Argentina: carga de enfermedad. 1^ra ed. Buenos Aires: Organización Panamericana de la Salud: 2009.

13. Salazar, S. 2002. Equinococosis, zoonosis parasitaria. Bucaramanga, CO. 231-77 p.

16. Delgado R. Hidatidosis una realidad: pasado y presente. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; 2009. [ Links ]

20. McManus DP, Gray DJ, Zhang W, Yang Y. Diagnosis, treatment, and management of echinococcosis. BMJ 2012; 344:e3866. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e3866 [ Links ]

21. Muñoz P. Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hidatidosis. Rev Chil Infect 2007;24 (2):153-4. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182007000200011 [ Links ]

22. Brunetti E, Junghanss T. Update on cystic hydatid disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009; 22(55):497-502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e328330331c [ Links ]