Introduction:

Preterm births, affecting 11% of global births, represent a significant public health challenge due to associated risks. Maternal age is a key factor, with adolescents and older women at higher risk of prematurity. This study analyzes the distribution of births by gestational age and maternal age in Bolivia, identifying local patterns and age-group differences. Methodology: A retrospective, cross-sectional observational study was conducted using 58,098 live birth certificates from 2022 and 2023, excluding incomplete records. Variables analyzed included gestational age (preterm, term, post-term), degree of prematurity (extreme, very preterm, moderate/late), and maternal age (adolescent, reproductive, advanced). Statistical analysis employed the chi-square test using SPSS software, identifying significant differences in prematurity rates across groups. Results: Among the analyzed births, 6.3% were preterm, 93.6% term, and 0.1% post-term. Of the preterm births, 3.6% were extreme, 7.7% very preterm, and 88.7% moderate/late. The chi-square test (χ²: 81.41; p < 0.001) revealed significant differences in prematurity rates by maternal age, highlighting higher risks among adolescents and older women. Discussion: The results emphasize the relationship between maternal age and prematurity. Adolescents and older women face greater risks, linked to complications and disparities in prenatal care access. These findings underscore the need for preventive policies targeting these groups, enhancing prenatal care to reduce risks and improve perinatal outcomes.