Revista de la Sociedad Boliviana de Pediatría

El Continuo cuidado en la atención a la madre, recién nacido y niño

Enfermedad diarreica por rotavirus en brotes epidémicos

Objetivo. Determinar el perfil epidemiológico de los brotes de enfermedad diarreica aguda por rotavirus (RV) ocurridos en pacientes pediátricos, mediante una revisión crítica de la literatura publicada entre 2000 y 2010. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos publicados desde enero de 2000 hasta abril de 2010, recogidos por las bases de datos Artemisa, EBSCO, Embase, Imbiomed, Lilacs, Ovid, PubMed y Science Direct. En los estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, se identificaron posibles factores de confusión y se atribuyeron riesgos de sesgo con base en el número de ítems considerados inadecuados en cada caso. Se describieron las características epidemiológicas y microbiológicas de los brotes. Resultados. Solo 14 (10,8%) de los 129 títulos identificados formaron parte de la muestra, los cuales sumaron 91 092 casos de diarrea aguda notificados. En 5 250 de estos casos se realizó la búsqueda de RV, la cual arrojó 1 711 (32,5%) aislamientos positivos. Se observó que el RV del grupo A fue el agente causal en 100% de los brotes, mientras que el genotipo G9 fue documentado en 50% de los artículos. Conclusiones. El RV, principalmente el serotipo G9, fue uno de los principales agentes responsables de los brotes de EDA en la última década. Un cuidadoso estudio de brote puede aportar información valiosa para el control y la prevención de la enfermedad por RV.

Objective. Determine the epidemiological profile of outbreaks of acute diarrheal disease caused by rotavirus (RV) occurring in pediatric patients, based on a critical review of the literature published between 2000 and 2010. Methods. A search was carried out for articles published from January 2000 to April 2010, collected by the Artemisa, EBSCO, Embase, Imbiomed, Lilacs, Ovid, PubMed, and Science Direct databases. In the studies that met the inclusion criteria, possible confounding factors were identified and risks of bias were attributed based on the number of items considered inadequate in each case. The epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of the outbreaks were described. Results. The sample was comprised of only 14 (10.8%) of the 129 titles identified, which accounted for 91 092 reported cases of acute diarrhea. In 5 250 of these cases, a search for rotavirus was conducted, yielding 1 711 (32.5%) positive isolations. It was observed that the RV from Group A was the causative agent in 100% of the outbreaks, while genotype G9 was documented in 50% of the articles. Conclusions. Rotavirus, mainly serotype G9, was one of the principal agents responsible for outbreaks of acute diarrheal disease over the past decade. A careful outbreak study can contribute valuable information for RV disease control and prevention.

Telarca precoz

Introducción: telarca precoz está definida por la presencia de desarrollo mamario antes de los ocho años de edad, en ausencia de otros signos clínicos de maduración sexual. Material y métodos: se estudiaron a las niñas menores de ocho años de edad, atendidas en el consultorio de endocrinología pediátrica del Hospital Santa Cruz, durante cinco años, que acudieron a consulta por presentar telarca precoz. Resultados: se atendieron 119 niñas; el 70% de ellas era menor de dos años; la mayoría (86% del total) presentaba talla adecuada para la edad; se diagnosticó sobrepeso en el 33% de las pacientes (n=39) y obesidad en el 10% de los casos (n=12); la edad ósea se encontró acorde a la edad cronológica en 108 niñas (91% del total), siendo la ecografía ginecológica normal al igual que los niveles plasmáticos de LH y FSH (rango prepuberal), prolactina, estradiol y TSH, en 116 pacientes (97% de los casos). Se diagnosticó pubertad precoz en tres niñas y 116 pacientes (97%) presentaron telarca precoz. Conclusión: la telarca precoz no siempre es una condición autolimitada; es importante controlar periódicamente a las niñas afectadas.

Introduction: the precocious thelarche is defined by the presence of breast development before eight years of age, in the absence of other clinical signs of sexual maturation. Methods: we studied girls under eight years old, attended at the pediatric endocrinology clinic of the Hospital Santa Cruz, during five years, who went to the doctor because of thelarche. Results: we attended 119 girls, 70% of them were younger had two years, most (86% of total) had age appropriate stature, overweight was diagnosed in 33% of patients (n=39) and obesity in 10% of the cases (n=12), bone age was found according to chronological age in 108 girls (91% of total), with normal gynecological ultrasound as plasma levels of LH and FSH (prepubertal range), prolactin, estradiol and TSH in 116 patients (97% of cases). Precocious puberty was diagnosed in three girls; 116 patients (97% of the total) had precocious thelarche. Conclusions: the precocious thelarche is not always a self-limited condition, so it is important to periodically check the girls affected.

Luxación congénita de rodilla, a propósito de un caso

La luxación congénita de rodilla es una entidad de muy baja incidencia (0.017 casos por mil nacidos vivos) y 1 por 100.000 casos en relación con la displasia de cadera y que puede presentarse en forma aislada o como parte de algunas entidades teratológicas (síndrome de Down, artrogriposis, mielomeningocele, etc.). Describimos a un neonato, de sexo femenino, que presenta una rodilla izquierda en hiper-extensión, asociado a genu valgo, pie plano valgo y displasia de cadera del mismo lado. De inicio, el manejo fue conservador, pero frente al fracaso terapéutico tuvo que ser intervenido quirúrgicamente para lograr la rehabilitación del paciente. Concluimos que la intervención quirúrgica debe ser precoz y oportuna en esta afección.

Congenital dislocation of the knee is a very rare disease (0.017 cases/1000 live newborns and 1/100.000 in relation to hip dysplasia). Usually is an isolated finding, but some times it is associated to other entities (Down syndrome, arthrogriposis, myelomeningocele, etc). We describe a female newborn who presented at birth hyperextend left knee, genu valgo, flat foot and hip dysplasia of the same side. She was treated conservatively with no improvement, so she underwent surgery and later rehabilitation. We conclude that surgery should be early and the first line of treatment of this condition.

Fistula traqueoesofágica, a propósito de un caso

La fístula traqueoesofágica es una malformación congénita cuya incidencia es de 1 en 3000 nacidos vivos, donde el pronóstico depende principalmente de la variedad de presentación y un diagnóstico precoz. Se presenta el caso de un niño de 6 años con diagnóstico tardío de fístula traqueosofágica congénita y que fue sometido a reparación quirúrgica guiada por broncoscopía con canulación de la fístula y evolución favorable.

Tracheoesophageal fístula is a congenital malfor-mation whose incidence is 1 in 3000 newborns, where the outcome depends primarily on the variety of presentation and early diagnosis. We report the case of a 6 year old boy with delayed diagnosis of congenital tracheoesophageal fístula underwent to a surgical repair bronchoscopy guided by cannulation of the fístula with favorable evolution.

Infecciones intrahospitalarias

Rabdomiosarcoma botrioide de vagina

Prevención de la infección asociada a catéteres: utilidad y costo-eficacia de los catéteres con antisépticos en pediatría

Objetivo: Evaluar la costo-eficacia de catéteres venosos centrales con antisépticos comparados con catéteres convencionales en la prevención de episodios infecciosos asociados. Diseño: Análisis de costo-eficacia; ensayo clínico, experimental, aleatorizado, controlado, abierto. Población y métodos: Pacientes con catéteres venosos centrales, menores de 1 año o 10 kg, posquirúrgicos cardiovasculares. Se compararon las características de los pacientes y la permanencia, costos y complicaciones de los catéteres venosos centrales. Intervención: Catéter venoso central Arrow®, doble lumen, > 48 h de duración; grupo de intervención: catéteres con antiséptico contra grupo control: catéteres convencionales. Resultados: Se estudiaron 172 catéteres pertenecientes a 149 pacientes. La tasa cruda de episodios infecciosos asociados fue del 27% en los catéteres con antisépticos y 31% en los catéteres convencionales (p= 0,6), con incidencia acumulada similar de bacteriemia asociada a catéter: 2,8 contra 3,3 por 1000 días-catéter. No se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos, excepto en el menor peso: mediana 4,0 kg (r 2-17) contra 4,7 kg (r 2-9) p= 0,0002 y edad mediana 2 m (r 1-48) contra 5 m (r 1-24) p= 0,0019 en la población de catéteres venosos centrales con antisépticos. Estas diferencias se consideraron clínicamente irrelevantes. El costo promedio por paciente internado en el grupo con catéter convencional fue $ 3.417 (359-9.453) y en el grupo catéter con antisépticos fue de $ 4.962 (239-24.532), p= 0,10. Conclusiones: El uso de catéteres venosos centrales con antisépticos comparado con el de catéteres convencionales no redujo los episodios infecciosos asociados, con una tendencia de mayor costo en el grupo de catéteres con antisépticos. Estos resultados no respaldan el uso de estos catéteres en nuestro medio.

Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the antiseptic-impregnated catheter compared with conventional catheters in preventing catheter-related blood stream infections (CR-BSI). Design: Cost-effectiveness analysis; clinical trial, experimental, randomized, controlled, prospective, open label. Patients and methods: A 172 patient cohort, under 1-year-old or less than 10 kg, postoperative cardiovascular children with central venous catheters (CVC) admitted to Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (UCI35) at Hospital Nacional de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan", since September 2005 to December 2007. Demographic and CVC data were retrieved to compare: age, gender, weight, diagnosis, surgery, CVC days, costs and complications. Intervention. CVC Arrow, double-lumen, > 48 h of duration; intervention group: antiseptic-impregnated CVC vs. control group: CVC without antiseptics (conventional). Results. The incidence of CR-IE (CR-Infected Events: colonization, local infection and/or CRBSI; combined end point) was 27% for antiseptic-impregnated CVC vs. 31% for conventional catheters (p= 0.6) with similar accumulated incidence of CR- BSI: 2.8 vs. 3.3 per 1000 days catheter. We found no differences between groups, except in weight: median 4.0 kg (r 2-17) vs. 4.7 kg (r 2-9) p= 0.0002 and age, median 2 months (r 1-48) vs. 5 months (r 1- 24) p= 0.0019 in antiseptic-impregnated CVC group. These differences, though statistically significant were clinically non relevant. Median cost per patient during intensive care stay in the conventional CVC group was $3.417 (359-9.453) and in the antiseptic-impregnated-CVC group was $4.962 (239-24.532), p= 0.10. Conclusions: The use of antiseptic-impregnated CVC compared with conventional CVC did not decrease CR-BSI in this population. The cost per patients was higher in the antiseptic impregnated CVC group. These results do not support the routine use of this type of CVC in our population.

Biliary atresia: the Brazilian experience

Objetivo: Avaliar as características epidemiológicas, clínicas e prognósticas de crianças com atresia biliar. Método: Dados sobre portoenterostomia, transplante hepático (TxH), idade no último seguimento e sobrevida foram coletados dos prontuários de pacientes acompanhados em seis centros no Brasil (1982-2008) e comparados em relação às décadas do procedimento cirúrgico. Resultados: Dos 513 pacientes, 76,4% foram submetidos a portoenterostomia [idade: 60,0-94,7 (82,6±32,8) dias] e 46,6% foram submetidos a TxH. Em 69% dos casos, o TxH foi realizado após a portoenterostomia, enquanto em 31% dos casos o TxH foi realizado como cirurgia primária. Os pacientes da região Nordeste foram submetidos a portoenterostomia mais tardiamente do que as crianças das regiões Sul (p = 0,008) e Sudeste (p = 0,0012), embora, mesmo nas duas últimas regiões, a idade no momento da portoenterostomia tenha sido superior ao desejável. Ao longo das décadas, houve aumento progres si vo do número de TxH realizados. A sobrevida global foi de 67,6%. A sobrevida aumentou nas últimas décadas (anos 1980 versus 90, p = 0,002; anos 1980 versus 2000, p < 0,001; anos 1990 versus 2000, p < 0,001). A sobrevida de 4 anos pós-portoenterostomia, com ou sem TxH, foi de 73,4%, inversamente correlacionada à idade no momento da portoenterostomia (80,77,7,60,5% para < 60,61-90, > 90 dias, respectivamente). Os pacientes transplantados apresentaram taxas de sobrevida mais elevadas (88,3%). A sobrevida de 4 anos com fígado nativo foi de 36,8%, inversamente correlacionada à idade no momento da portoenterostomia (54, 33,3, 26,6% para < 60,61-90, > 90 dias, respectivamente). Conclusões: Este estudo multicêntrico demonstrou que o encaminhamento tardio das crianças portadoras de atresia biliar ainda é um problema no Brasil, influenciando a sobrevida destes pacientes. Estratégias que proporcionam o encaminhamento precoce estão sendo desenvolvidas com o objetivo de reduzir a necessidade de transplante hepático nos primeiros anos de vida.

Objective: To evaluate epidemiological, clinical and prognostic characteristics of children with biliary atresia. Methods: Data regarding portoenterostomy, liver transplantation (LTx), age at last follow-up and survival were collected from the records of patients followed up in six Brazilian centers (1982-2008) and compared regarding decades of surgery. Results: Of 513 patients, 76.4% underwent portoenterostomy [age: 60-94.7 (82.6±32.8) days] and 46.6% underwent LTx. In 69% of cases, LTx followed portoenterostomy, whereas in 31% of cases LTx was performed as the primary surgery. Patients from the Northeast region underwent portoenterostomy later than infants from Southern (p = 0.008) and Southeastern (p = 0.0012) Brazil, although even in the latter two regions age at portoenterostomy was higher than desirable. Over the decades, LTx was increasingly performed. Overall survival was 67.6%. Survival increased over the decades (1980s vs. 1990s, p = 0.002; 1980s vs. 2000s, p < 0.001; 1990s vs. 2000s, p < 0.001). The 4-year post portoenterostomy survival, with or without LTx, was 73.4%, inversely correlated with age at portoenterostomy (80, 77.7, 60.5% for < 60, 61-90, > 90 days, respectively). Higher survival rates were observed among transplanted patients (88.3%). The 4-year native liver survival was 36.8%, inversely correlated with age at portoenterostomy (54, 33.3, 26.6% for < 60, 61-90, > 90 days, respectively). Conclusions: This multicenter study showed that late referral for biliary atresia is still a problem in Brazil, affecting patient survival. Strategies to enhance earlier referral are currently being developed aiming to decrease the need for liver transplantation in the first years of life.

Comparison between the growth of Brazilian children and adolescents and the reference growth charts: data from a Brazilian project

Objetivo: Comparar crianças e adolescentes brasileiros com curvas de referência para crescimento físico. Métodos: Estudo transversal, de base escolar, conduzido em 41.654 estudantes (23.328 do sexo masculino e 18.326 do sexo feminino) de 7 a 17 anos. Foram mensuradas variáveis antropométricas (estatura, peso corporal) e calculado o índice de massa corporal (IMC). A estatura, percentil 50, e o IMC, percentil 85, foram comparados com tabelas normativas da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), e o peso corporal, percentil 50, com as curvas do Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Resultados: Ao comparar os valores de estatura e peso corporal de ambos os sexos com os valores de referência da OMS e do CDC foi identificado que os jovens brasileiros atingiram e ultrapassaram os pontos de referência na maioria das idades. Os IMC dos escolares brasileiros foram inferiores aos valores de sobrepeso da OMS para todas as idades. Conclusão: A magnitude de crescimento em peso corporal, estatura e IMC de crianças e adolescentes da zona urbana do Brasil está cada vez mais semelhante à reportada em países desenvolvidos. Sugere-se que estudos prospectivos no Brasil sejam realizados e comparados com curvas internacionais de crescimento físico a fim de poder realizar inferências mais precisas.

Objective: To compare the growth of Brazilian children and adolescents with reference growth charts. Methods: School-based cross-sectional study involving 41,654 students (23,328 boys and 18,326 girls) aged 7 to 17 years. Physical growth variables (body weight, height) and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Height, 50th percentile, and BMI, 85th percentile, were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) reference values, and weight, 50th percentile, was compared with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts. Results: Mean height and body weight of Brazilian schoolchildren were generally higher than the WHO and CDC reference values for both genders at most ages. BMI values of Brazilian schoolchildren were significantly lower than the WHO obesity values at all ages. Conclusion: The growth in body weight, height, and BMI of children and adolescents in the urban area of Brazil is increasingly similar to those reported in developed countries. Further prospective studies should be conducted in Brazil comparing their results with the international growth charts to enable more accurate inferences.

Criptorquidia

CUESTIONARIO NUMERO 46: PREGUNTAS CORRESPONDIENTES AL TEMA-CRIPTORQUIDIA