Revista Boliviana de Química

1,3,7-TRIMETHYLGUANINE FROM THE LICHEN STEREOCAULON RAMULOSUM

Chromatographic fractionation of an acetone extract of the lichen Stereocaulon ramulosum afforded 1,3,7trimethylguanine (1), perlatolic acid (2), methyl β-orcinolcarboxylate (3), atranorin (4) and galactitol (5). The structures were elucidated using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.

Cinco compuestos fueron aislados del extracto acetónico del Stereocaulon ramulosum, 1,3,7-trimetilguanina (1), acido perlatólico (2), βorcinolcarboxilato de metilo (3), atranorina (4) y galactitol (5). Las estructuras moleculares fueron elucidadas por métodos espectroscópicos de RMN y espectrometría de masas.

ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES ON MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT BINARY METAL COMPLEXES (SYSTEM: COPPER(II) / MANGANESE(II) / URANYL(II) - SARCOSINE)

Quantitative indication of the process of forming a complex comes from the evaluation of the stability constants which characterize the equilibria corresponding to the successive addition of ligands. A technique involving the use of paper electrophoresis is described for the study of binary complex system in solution. The first and second stability constants of metal(II) - sarcosine complexes were found to be (7.82 ± 0.07, 6.90 ± 0.03); (3.54 ± 0.11, 1.96 ± 0.02) and (7.41 ± 0.06, 5.57 ± 0.03) (log stability constant values) for Cu(II), Mn(II) and UO2(II) complexes, respectively

IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF LEISHMANICIDAL ALKALOID 2 PHENYL-QUINOLINE BY ANGOSTURA LONGIFLORA KRAUSE A

Angostura longiflora (K.) Kallunki (Rutaceae) is a medicinal wood tree used by Amazonian tribes for the treatment of stomach parasites and leishmaniasis. Cell cultures from leaves of this species were obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with kinetine (kin) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) based on a factorial design, where concentrations of sucrose and phosphate were changed. The increasing of sucrose and phosphate enhanced the specific growth rate from 0.16 to 0.33d-1. The leishmanicidal alkaloid, 2-phenyl-quinoline was isolated from calli and identified by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass (EI) spectra. This is the first report concerning the production, isolation and chemical characterization by NMR and mass spectra of the main alkaloid, in Evanta leaves, 2-phenyl-quinoline from cell cultures of A. longiflora

LIPOLYTIC ENZYME PRODUCTION BY HALOPHILIC/HALOTOLERANT MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM LAGUNA VERDE, BOLIVIA

Bacterial strains isolated from water samples from Laguna Verde, Potosi-Bolivia and deposited at Biotechnology Center, Cochabamba-Bolivia, were subjected to lipolytic enzyme production studies. Among these, 10 strains were selected as positive in lipolytic enzyme production in solid medium, using olive oil as sole carbon source. Selected strains were subjected to morphological and biochemical studies. Enzyme production in liquid medium identified strain LV01 as the best enzyme producer with 0.079 U/ml lipolytic activity. Partial purification by ion-exchange chromatography of the lipolytic enzyme, produced by strain LV01, presented specific enzyme activity of 0,138 U/mg of eluted protein with approximately 77 KDa size. Partial characterization of the produced enzyme revealed its display maximum activity values at pH 9, 30°C y 1.7M NaCl , thus exhibiting remarkably haloalkalitolerant properties. The 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed 99% similarity between strain LV01 and Bacillus pumilus (embAJ494727)

MORE INVESTIGATIONS IN POTENT ACTIVITY AND RELATIONSHIP STRUCTURE OF THE LICHEN ANTIBIOTIC (+)-USNIC ACID AND ITS DERIVATE DIBENZOYLUSNIC ACID

By reacting R-(+)-usnic acid (1) with benzoyl chloride in presence of pyridine gave the dibenzoylusnic acid (2). The antibacterial activity and relationship structure of acid usnic an old lichen drug and its derivate dibenzoylusnic acid was studied against nine ATCC bacteria and one bacterium clinical isolate.

Mediante la reacción del R-(+)-acido úsnico con cloruro de benzoilo en presencia de piridina se obtuvo el acido dibenzoilusnico. Se estudio la relación de actividad antibacteriana y estructura del R-(+)-acido úsnico y su derivado el acido dibenzoilúsnico contra nueve bacterias ATCC y una bacteria clínicamente aislada.

REVIEW REVERSIBLE ELECTROPORATION OF VEGETABLE TISSUES - METABOLIC CONSEQUENCES AND APPLICATIONS

This review explores recent findings on gross metabolic responses of vegetable tissue induced by the application of pulsed electric field as well as discusses potential industrial applications of reversible electroporation.

Este artículo explora recientes investigaciones sobre respuestas metabólicas de tejidos vegetales inducidas por la aplicación de pulsos eléctricos. También se discuten potenciales aplicaciones industriales de la electroporación reversible.

EVALUACION DE LA FLORA EN EL VALLE DE ZONGO CONTRA LEISHMANIA Y CHAGAS

Tropical diseases caused by protozoos produce great suffering in developing countries and result in high morbidity and mortality rates. Among these illnesses, Leishmania and Chagas are of importance. Leishmania consists in a critical heath problem for the social and economical consequence that result. Due to these aspects, WHO has classified leishmaniasis, along with African tripanosomiasis and denge, within category 1 for the research of new prevention methods, diagnosis and treatment [1];. In addition, the same organization has classified Chagas disease as the third most important worldwide tropical illness due to its severity and mortality [2] Botanical collects sort by altitude in the Valley of Zongo, Bolivia, have presented two species with important activities. The specie Bocconia integrifolia ( Papaveraceae) with un IC50 of 6 µg/ml against Chagas and 0.4 µg/ml against three strains of leishmania and the specie Liabum hastifolium (Compositae) with un IC50 of 10.4 µg/ml against three strains of leishmania.

Las enfermedades tropicales causadas por protozoos provocan un gran sufrimiento en los países en desarrollo, con elevados radios de morbilidad y mortalidad. Entre estas enfermedades se destacan la Leishmania y el Chagas. La leishmania constituye un grave problema de salud pública por las consecuencias sociales y económicas que conlleva. La OMS ha clasificado a la leishmaniasis, conjuntamente con la tripanosomiasis africana y el dengue, dentro de la categoría 1 para la investigación de nuevos métodos de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento [1]. A su vez, la misma organización ha clasificado a la enfermedad del Chagas como la tercera enfermedad tropical más importante a nivel mundial en cuanto a su severidad y mortalidad [2]. El presente trabajo busca especies vegetales con actividades frente a leishmania y chagas. Colectas altitudinales en el valle de Zongo, Bolivia, han presentado dos especies con importantes actividades. La especie Bocconia integrifolia ( Papaveraceae) con un IC50 de 6 µg/ml contra Chagas y 0.4 µg/ml contra tres sepas de leishmania y la especie Liabum hastifolium (Compositae) con un IC50 de 10.4 µg/ml contra tres sepas de leishmania.

CONTENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN FOUR ANDEAN VEGETABLE SPECIES OF BOLIVIA

In the present work the determination of iron, zinc and copper of four vegetable species of the Andean region of Bolivia was carried out. The plants are: the rhizomes of chijura (Stangea rhizantha); the roots of the cactus achacana (Neowerdermannia vorwerckii), the white basal leaves in form of rose of siki (Hipochoeris meyeniana var.brachylepis) and the shaft of the flower of amañoke (Ombrophytum subterraneum Asplund), the eatable part of a Balanophoraceae that parasites on the roots of thola (Lepidophillum quadrangulare) and it is also used as a medicine. The selected plants are used as foodstuffs, in particular in times of famine. The quantification by AAS was carried out in triplicate. Several interesting results regarding the trace element content of the studied species were obtained. All the species presented high Fe values, and the highest values were obtained for chijura (10.9 mg/100 g). Regarding Zn, achacana presented the higher value (2.6 mg/100 g), amañoke gave (1.5 mg/100 g) and chijura gave (1.8 mg/100 g). Regarding the content of Cu, amañoke stands out with 0.46 mg/100 g.

En el trabajo presente se llevó a cabo la cuantificación de hierro, cinc y cobre de cuatro especies de la verdura de la región andina de Bolivia. Las plantas estudiadas fueron: los rizomas de chijura (Stangea rhizantha); las raíces del cactus achacana (Neowerdermannia vorwerckii), el blanco de las hojas basales en forma de rosa de la planta de siki (Hipochoeris meyeniana var.brachylepis) y el tallo de la flor de amañoke (Ombrophytum subterraneum Asplund), la parte comestible de una balanoforacea que parásita las raíces de thola (Lepidophillum quadrangulare) y que también se usa como medicina. Las plantas seleccionadas se usan como comestibles, en particular en tiempos de hambre. La cuantificación por AAS se llevó a cabo por triplicado. Varios resultados interesantes con respecto al contenido de elementos traza de las especies estudiadas se obtuvieron. Todas las especies presentaron valores altos de Fe, y los valores más altos se obtuvieron para la chijura (10.9 mg/100 g). Con respecto a Zn, la achacana (2.6 mg/100 g) presentó el valores más alto, el amañoke dio (1.5 mg/100 g) y la chijura dio (1.8 mg/100 g). Con respecto al contenido de Cu, el amañoke destaca con 0.46 mg/100g.

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS CONTENT AND THE ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF ANDEAN TUBERS AND ROOTS (ISAÑO, OCA, ULLUCO AND ARRACACHA)

Four species of Andean tubers, isaño (Tropaeolum tuberosum), oca (Oxalis tuberosa), ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) and roots of arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza), were studied for the quantification of the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and determination of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPH). The total antioxidant capacity was measured using ABTS and FRAP methods, and the total phenolics compounds were measured using the Folin & Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant capacity found in the tubers and root studied ranged from 0.35 to 11.8 μmol trolox equiv/g dry sample, and phenolics ranged from 0.002 to 0.02 μmol gallic acid equiv./g dry sample. In general black isaño tubers showed the highest values of antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds compared with the other tubers.

Cuatro especies de tubérculos andinos, isaño (Tropaeolum tuberosum), oca (Oxalis tuberosa), ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) y raíces de arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza) fueron estudiados para la cuantificación de la capacidad antioxidante total (TAC) y la determinación de compuestos fenólicos totales (TPH). La capacidad antioxidante fue medida mediante el uso de los métodos ABTS y FRAP, los compuestos fenólicos fueron medidos mediante el uso del reactivo de Folin & Ciocalteau.La capacidad antioxidante encontrada en los tubérculos estudiados tienen un rango de 0.35 a 11.8 μmol equiv. de trolox/g de muestra seca, el rango de compuestos fenolicos es de 0.002 a 0.02 μmol equiv. de ácido gálico/g de muestra seca. En general el isaño oscuro muestra los valores mas altos de capacidad antioxidante y compuestos fenólicos comparados con los otros tubérculos.

CARACTERIZACION DE CEPAS Y VINOS SYRAH Y CABERNET SAUVIGNON EN CUATRO ZONAS DEL VALLE CENTRAL DE TARIJA

The must and wine of the Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon stocks, collected in four different zones of Tarija´s valley, they were obtained by microvinification and they were analyzed by its chemical parameters, total acidity (expressed by tartaric acid), volatile acidity (expressed by acetic acid), reducing sugars, dry extract, total poliphenoles, total antocianines, ºGL and pH. The sensorial characterization of wines was realised using a descriptive-comparative statistic analysis, by a panel of 12 training catadors. Data were analyzed in order to evaluate the incidence of the variety and the zone, over the final quality of the wine. The results showed noticeable differences in the characteristics of the oenological potential of the four studied zones, and highlight the aptitude of the Tarija-Central Valley in the Production of these stocks and wines respectively.

El mosto y el vino de las cepas Syrah y Cabernet Sauvignon, colectadas en cuatro zonas del valle de Tarija, obtenidos por microvinificación; fueron analizados en sus características químicas de: acidez total (expresada como ácido tartárico), acidez volátil (expresada en ácido acético), azúcares reductores, extracto seco, polifenoles totales, antocianos totales, ºGL y pH. La caracterización sensorial de los vinos se realizó mediante un análisis comparativo descriptivo, por un panel de 12 degustadores calificados, y los datos obtenidos fueron evaluados estadísticamente para ver la incidencia de la variedad y de la zona en la calidad final del vino. Los resultados tanto de los análisis químicos y sensoriales entregan marcadas diferencias en las características del Potencial enológico de las cuatro zonas estudiadas, y muestran la aptitud del Valle Central de Tarija para el cultivo y Producción de estas cepas y vinos respectivamente.

DETERMINACIÓN DE LA CAPACIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE Y LA CUANTIFICACIÓN DE COMPUESTOS FENÓLICOS Y FLAVONÓIDICOS DE CUATRO ESPECIES VEGETALES DE LA REGIÓN ANDINA DE BOLIVIA

In the present work the measurement of the antioxidant capacity and the quantification of flavonoids and phenolic compounds are carried out in four vegetable species of the Andean region of Bolivia with the purpose of revaluing our ancestral foods and in this way, in a future to be able to take advantage of its nutritious and biological properties. The selected plants are used as foodstuf, in particular in times of famine. The selected plants are: the rhizome of Chijura (Stangea rhizantha); the root of the cactus Achacana (Neowerdermannia vorwerckii) and the white basal leaves in form of rose of Siki (Hipochoeris meyeniana var. brachylepis) and Amañoke (Ombrophytum subterraneum Asplund), a parasite eatable plant that grows on roots of Lepidophillum quadrangulare. The Total Antioxidant Capacity TAC was determined by two methods ABTS (2,2' Azinobis-3-etil-benzotiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAP (Ferric Reduction Ability of Plasma). The Total Poliphenols were determined by the method of Folin-Ciocalteau and the Total Flavonoids were determined as catechin equivalents. The higher values of antioxidant activity were observed in amañoke.

En el presente trabajo se realizó la determinación de la capacidad antioxidante y la cuantificación de compuestos fenólicos y flavonóidicos de cuatro especies vegetales de la región andina de Bolivia con el fin de revalorizar algunos de nuestros alimentos ancestrales y, de esta manera, en un futuro poder aprovechar sus propiedades alimenticias y biológicas. Las plantas seleccionadas son utilizadas en la alimentación humana de la región, en particular en épocas de escasez. Las plantas son: Chijura (Stangea rhizantha), un rizoma comestible; Achacana (Neowerdermannia vorwerckii), una cactácea andina, cuya raíz se utiliza como alimento; Siki (Hipochoeris meyeniana var.brachylepis), planta con hojas basales en forma de roseta, cuyas bases blancas son comestibles; Amañoke (Ombrophytum subterraneum Asplund), una balanoforácea comestible parásita de las raíces de Lepidophyllum quadrangulare. La Capacidad Antioxidante Total TAC fue determinada por los métodos ABTS (2,2’ Azinobis-3-etil- benzotiazolina-6-acido sulfonico) y FRAP (poder antioxidante de reducción férrica). Los Polifenoles Totales fueron determinados por el método de Folin-Ciocalteau y los Flavonoides Totales fueron determinados como equivalente de catequina. Los valores mas altos de actividad antioxidante encontrados corresponden al amañoke.